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From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures > Lecture 4. Introduction to Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 4. Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How is an animal classified ?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phyla
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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2
Q

What are animals ?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embyronic layers

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3
Q

What does heterotrophic mean ?

A

They obtain organic compounds by ingesting or absorbing them

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4
Q

What are tissues ?

A

Groups of cells with a common structure function or both

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5
Q

What types of tissues are unique to animals ?

A

Muscles and nerve tissues

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6
Q

What is a phylogeny ?

A

A branching diagram showing how species are related

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7
Q

How are phylogenies constructed ?

A

By looking at similarities and differences among species physical and or genetic characteristics

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8
Q

What do nodes show ?

A
  1. The ancestor of the group

2. Evolutionary transitions

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9
Q

What are animals traditionally characterised by ?

A

A number of different body plans

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10
Q

What do eumetazoa have ?

A

True tissues

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11
Q

What are some examples of eumetazoa ?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophore
  3. Cnidaria
  4. Acoela
  5. Echinodermata
  6. Chordata
  7. Platyhelminthes
  8. Rotifera
  9. Ectoprocta
  10. Brachiopoda
  11. Mollusca
  12. Annelida
  13. Nermatoda
  14. Arthropoda
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12
Q

How many species of porifera are there ?

A

5500

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13
Q

What is another name for porifera ?

A

Sponges

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14
Q

What type of movement is associated with porifera ?

A

Sessile

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15
Q

What do porifera lack ?

A

True tissue

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16
Q

How would you describe the structure of porifera ?

A

Clumps of tissue held together by collagen

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17
Q

What type of feeders are porifera ?

A

Suspension feeders

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18
Q

Which types of eumetazoa are considered radiata ?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophora
  3. Cnidaria
  4. Acoela
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19
Q

Which eumetazoa are considered bilateria ?

A
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Chordata
  3. Platyhelminthes
  4. Rotifera
  5. Ectoprocta
  6. Brachiopoda
  7. Mollusca
  8. Annelida
  9. Nermatoda
  10. Arthropoda
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20
Q

What are cnidaria ?

A

Sea anemones, corals, hydra, jellyfish

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21
Q

How many types of cnidaria are there ?

A

10,000 species

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22
Q

What type of feeders are cnidaria ?

A

Carnivores

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23
Q

How do cnidaria feed ?

A

Using stinging cells called nematocysts

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24
Q

What are the deuterostomia ?

A
  1. Echinodermata

2. Chordata

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25
What are some examples of echinodermata ?
Starfish, sea urchins, sea lillies, sea cucumber
26
How many species of echinodermata are there ?
7000 species
27
How do echinodermata move and feed ?
Using a water vascular system and tube feet
28
What is interesting about the symmetry of echinodermata ?
They are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but radially symmetrical as adults
29
What are some examples of chordates ?
Lancelets, hagfish, tunicates, vertebrates
30
How many species of chordata are there ?
52000
31
What do chordates possess ?
Notochord
32
What are most chordata ?
Verterbrates
33
What are lophotrochozoa ?
1. Platyhelminthes 2. Rotifera 3. Ectoprocta 4. Brachiopoda 5. Mollusca
34
What do many lophotrochozoa have or develop ?
Lophophore feeding tentacles or have trochophore larvae
35
What is an example of platyhelminthes ?
Flatworms
36
How many species of platyhelminthes ?
20 000
37
What do platyhelminthes not have ?
No body cavity or organs for gas exchange
38
What are annelida ?
Segmented worms
39
How many species of annelida are there ?
16500
40
What are annelida preferred environment ?
Mainly aquatic
41
What are the two types of annelida ?
1. Polychaetes | 2. oligochaetes
42
What are mollusca ?
Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods
43
How many species of mollusca are there ?
93000
44
What do molluscas have ?
Shells
45
What is unique about mollusca's eyes ?
They are very well developed
46
What do cephalopods have ?
Particularly complex brains for invertebrates
47
What are ecdysozoa ?
1. Nematoda | 2. Arthropoda
48
What do ecdysozoa secrete ?
A hard exoskeleton which they moult as they grow
49
What is the ecdysozoa clade defined by ?
On the basis of molecular data not the moulting characteristics
50
What are nematoda ?
Roundworms
51
What are arthropoda ?
Crustaceans, insects, arachnids
52
How many species of arthropoda are there ?
1000000
53
What is the structure of an arthropoda ?
Segmented skeleton with jointed limbs
54
When did the first animals probably evolve ?
During the neoproterozoic period
55
What is the time frame for the neoproterozoic period ?
700 million years ago
56
Where are the earliest animal fossils from ?
China
57
When did many fossils of present day animal phyla appear ?
The Cambrian explosion
58
When was the cambrian explosion ?
535 - 525 million years ago
59
Where does most of our knowledge about Cambrian animals come from ?
1. Burgess shale in Canada | 2. Chengjiang in China
60
What is the earliest known chordata ?
Pikaia
61
Why was their a sudden increase in animal diversity in the Cambrian ?
1. Increased oxygen levels, increased metabolic rates and allowed species to grow larger and more complex. 2. The evolution of the Hox genes, allowed different developmental pathways to be used and facilitated the evolution of new body forms 3. Increases in the number and variety of predators drove selection for anti-predator defences

From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures (37 decks)

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