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From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures > Lecture 4. Introduction to Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 4. Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How is an animal classified ?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phyla
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
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2
Q

What are animals ?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embyronic layers

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3
Q

What does heterotrophic mean ?

A

They obtain organic compounds by ingesting or absorbing them

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4
Q

What are tissues ?

A

Groups of cells with a common structure function or both

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5
Q

What types of tissues are unique to animals ?

A

Muscles and nerve tissues

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6
Q

What is a phylogeny ?

A

A branching diagram showing how species are related

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7
Q

How are phylogenies constructed ?

A

By looking at similarities and differences among species physical and or genetic characteristics

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8
Q

What do nodes show ?

A
  1. The ancestor of the group

2. Evolutionary transitions

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9
Q

What are animals traditionally characterised by ?

A

A number of different body plans

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10
Q

What do eumetazoa have ?

A

True tissues

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11
Q

What are some examples of eumetazoa ?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophore
  3. Cnidaria
  4. Acoela
  5. Echinodermata
  6. Chordata
  7. Platyhelminthes
  8. Rotifera
  9. Ectoprocta
  10. Brachiopoda
  11. Mollusca
  12. Annelida
  13. Nermatoda
  14. Arthropoda
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12
Q

How many species of porifera are there ?

A

5500

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13
Q

What is another name for porifera ?

A

Sponges

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14
Q

What type of movement is associated with porifera ?

A

Sessile

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15
Q

What do porifera lack ?

A

True tissue

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16
Q

How would you describe the structure of porifera ?

A

Clumps of tissue held together by collagen

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17
Q

What type of feeders are porifera ?

A

Suspension feeders

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18
Q

Which types of eumetazoa are considered radiata ?

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Ctenophora
  3. Cnidaria
  4. Acoela
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19
Q

Which eumetazoa are considered bilateria ?

A
  1. Echinodermata
  2. Chordata
  3. Platyhelminthes
  4. Rotifera
  5. Ectoprocta
  6. Brachiopoda
  7. Mollusca
  8. Annelida
  9. Nermatoda
  10. Arthropoda
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20
Q

What are cnidaria ?

A

Sea anemones, corals, hydra, jellyfish

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21
Q

How many types of cnidaria are there ?

A

10,000 species

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22
Q

What type of feeders are cnidaria ?

A

Carnivores

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23
Q

How do cnidaria feed ?

A

Using stinging cells called nematocysts

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24
Q

What are the deuterostomia ?

A
  1. Echinodermata

2. Chordata

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25
Q

What are some examples of echinodermata ?

A

Starfish, sea urchins, sea lillies, sea cucumber

26
Q

How many species of echinodermata are there ?

A

7000 species

27
Q

How do echinodermata move and feed ?

A

Using a water vascular system and tube feet

28
Q

What is interesting about the symmetry of echinodermata ?

A

They are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but radially symmetrical as adults

29
Q

What are some examples of chordates ?

A

Lancelets, hagfish, tunicates, vertebrates

30
Q

How many species of chordata are there ?

A

52000

31
Q

What do chordates possess ?

A

Notochord

32
Q

What are most chordata ?

A

Verterbrates

33
Q

What are lophotrochozoa ?

A
  1. Platyhelminthes
  2. Rotifera
  3. Ectoprocta
  4. Brachiopoda
  5. Mollusca
34
Q

What do many lophotrochozoa have or develop ?

A

Lophophore feeding tentacles or have trochophore larvae

35
Q

What is an example of platyhelminthes ?

A

Flatworms

36
Q

How many species of platyhelminthes ?

A

20 000

37
Q

What do platyhelminthes not have ?

A

No body cavity or organs for gas exchange

38
Q

What are annelida ?

A

Segmented worms

39
Q

How many species of annelida are there ?

A

16500

40
Q

What are annelida preferred environment ?

A

Mainly aquatic

41
Q

What are the two types of annelida ?

A
  1. Polychaetes

2. oligochaetes

42
Q

What are mollusca ?

A

Gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

43
Q

How many species of mollusca are there ?

A

93000

44
Q

What do molluscas have ?

A

Shells

45
Q

What is unique about mollusca’s eyes ?

A

They are very well developed

46
Q

What do cephalopods have ?

A

Particularly complex brains for invertebrates

47
Q

What are ecdysozoa ?

A
  1. Nematoda

2. Arthropoda

48
Q

What do ecdysozoa secrete ?

A

A hard exoskeleton which they moult as they grow

49
Q

What is the ecdysozoa clade defined by ?

A

On the basis of molecular data not the moulting characteristics

50
Q

What are nematoda ?

A

Roundworms

51
Q

What are arthropoda ?

A

Crustaceans, insects, arachnids

52
Q

How many species of arthropoda are there ?

A

1000000

53
Q

What is the structure of an arthropoda ?

A

Segmented skeleton with jointed limbs

54
Q

When did the first animals probably evolve ?

A

During the neoproterozoic period

55
Q

What is the time frame for the neoproterozoic period ?

A

700 million years ago

56
Q

Where are the earliest animal fossils from ?

A

China

57
Q

When did many fossils of present day animal phyla appear ?

A

The Cambrian explosion

58
Q

When was the cambrian explosion ?

A

535 - 525 million years ago

59
Q

Where does most of our knowledge about Cambrian animals come from ?

A
  1. Burgess shale in Canada

2. Chengjiang in China

60
Q

What is the earliest known chordata ?

A

Pikaia

61
Q

Why was their a sudden increase in animal diversity in the Cambrian ?

A
  1. Increased oxygen levels, increased metabolic rates and allowed species to grow larger and more complex.
  2. The evolution of the Hox genes, allowed different developmental pathways to be used and facilitated the evolution of new body forms
  3. Increases in the number and variety of predators drove selection for anti-predator defences

From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures (37 decks)

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