Lecture 25. Plant Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

What does the endodermis possess ?

Answer 1

A substance that prevents movement of water in cell wall

Question 2

What transports ions ?

Answer 2

A layer of cells that act as scavenger cells

Question 3

What are the controlled nutrient supply systems ?

Answer 3

1. Aeroponics
2. Hydroponics
3. Aquaponics
4. Fertiliser application

Question 4

What is an aeroponic system ?

Answer 4

The roots are not embedded, nutrients are delivered by a fine mist

Question 5

What is the advantage of the aeroponic system ?

Answer 5

Easy to keep disease free

Question 6

What is an aquaponic system ?

Answer 6

Plant roots are in an tank of fish

Question 7

What provided the nutrients in an aquaponic system ?

Answer 7

Fish provide the nitrogenous waste which is used for plant growth

Question 8

What are serpentine soils ?

Answer 8

Soils which have high concentrations of heavy metals that occur naturally or through acid deposition

Question 9

What are serpentine soils characterised by ?

Answer 9

High concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn and Cd

Question 10

What are serpentine soils derived from ?

Answer 10

Weathering of ultramatic soils having high concentrations of ferromagnesium minerals

Question 11

What have some non-photosynthetic plants evolved to do ?

Answer 11

To obtain their nutrients and organic carbon by growing in or on other plants

Question 12

Other than parasitism, how have non-photosynthetic plants evolved to gain nutrients ?

Answer 12

Carnivory

Question 13

What are the three orders of flowering plants where parasitic plants are found ?

Answer 13

1. Magnoliidae
2. Rosidae
3. Asteridae

Question 14

What are holoparasites ?

Answer 14

Plants that are completely parasitic on other plants and have virtually have no chlorophyll

Question 15

What are hemiparasites ?

Answer 15

Plants that are parasitic under natural conditions and are also photosynthetic to some degree

Question 16

What is mistletoe an example of ?

Answer 16

Holo and hemi parasites

Question 17

How do mistletoe grow ?

Answer 17

As epiphytic parasites on the branches of trees and shrubs

Question 18

What do mistletoe do to obtain their food ?

Answer 18

The roots grow into and connect with their hosts vascular tissue, from which they derive water and mineral nutrients but not usually organic substances

Question 19

What is the process by which root moves along a branch ?

Answer 19

Thigmotropism

Question 20

What happens when the root encounters an irregularity called ?

Answer 20

A swelling called a holdfast forms

Question 21

What binds the holdfast to the bark ?

Answer 21

A cementing substance

Question 22

What forms to penetrate into the cortex of the host ?

Answer 22

A wedge shaped structure

Question 23

What happens once the parasite is established in the hosts cortex ?

Answer 23

An intimate connection forms between the phloem and xylem cells off the mistletoe and the phloem and xylem cells of the host

Question 24

What does the dwarf mistletoe do to reproduce ?

Answer 24

Employs a pressurised water pump to shoot its seeds up to a distance of 20m

Question 25

What does the sandbox tree do ?

Answer 25

It explodes like a hand grenade when mature

Question 26

How do dodder vines work ?

Answer 26

They attach themselves to stems of plants by root like structures and penetrate the stem using infection pegs and haustoria

Question 27

What are some examples of insectivorous plants ?

Answer 27

1. Pitcher plant
2. Butterwort
3. Sunder
4. Bladderwort

Question 28

How do pitfall traps work ?

Answer 28

Leaves folded into deep, slippery pools filled with digestive enzymes

Question 29

What are the four plant groups that evolved pitfall traps ?

Answer 29

1. Caryophyllales
2. Oxalidales
3. Ericales
4. Vromeliacaea

Question 30

How does the flypaper trap work ?

Answer 30

Leaves covered in stalked glands that exude sticky mucilage

Question 31

What are some examples of flypaper traps ?

Answer 31

1. Sundews

2. Butterworts

Question 32

What are the plant orders which have evolved flypaper traps ?

Answer 32

1. Caryophyllales
2. Ericales
3. Lamlales

Question 33

What are snap traps ?

Answer 33

Have hinged leaves that snap shut when trigger hairs are touched

Question 34

What is the plant order that has evolved a snap trap ?

Answer 34

Caryophalles

Question 35

What are suction traps ?

Answer 35

Unique to bladderworts, are highly modified leaves in the shape of the bladder with a hinged door lined with trigger hairs

Question 36

What is the plant order that evolved suction traps ?

Answer 36

Lamlales

Question 37

What are lobster pot traps ?

Answer 37

Twisted tubular channels lined with hairs and glands

Question 38

What is the plant order that lobster pot traps evolved from ?

Answer 38

Caryophalleles