Lecture 24. Animal Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

What drives animal anatomy, physiology, behaviour and society ?

Answer 1

Procuring food

Question 2

What do animals need food for ?

Answer 2

1. Fuel
2. Raw materials for biosynthesis
3. Essential nutrients

Question 3

What are the reactions of cellular respiration ?

Answer 3

1. Digestion of food
2. Glycolysis
3. Krebs
4. ETC

Question 4

What provides fuel for ATP generation ?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates and fats

Question 5

How are essential nutrients obtained ?

Answer 5

Need to be consumed in

Question 6

What are the four types of essential nutrients ?

Answer 6

1. Essential amino acids
2. Essential fatty acids
3. Vitamins
4. Minerals

Question 7

What do all organisms need to make a complete set of proteins ?

Answer 7

A standard set of 20 amino acids

Question 8

What can typically synthesis all 20 amino acids ?

Answer 8

Plants and microorganisms

Question 9

What do proteins in animal products have ?

Answer 9

All amino acids

Question 10

What do proteins in plants have ?

Answer 10

Missing some amino acids

Question 11

What do animals need fatty acids for ?

Answer 11

To synthesise a variety of cellular components for example membrane phospholipids, storage fats

Question 12

What are vitamins ?

Answer 12

Organic molecules required in relatively small amounts in the diet

Question 13

What are some roles of vitamins?

Answer 13

1. Coenzymes in key metabolic processes
2. Production of connective tissues
3. Formation of visual pigments
4. Bone formation
5. Blood clotting
6. Synthesis of fat

Question 14

What are minerals ?

Answer 14

Inorganic nutrients needed in smallish amounts

Question 15

What are some roles of minerals ?

Answer 15

1. Many metabolic processes
2. Aid-base balance
3. Nerve and muscle function
4. Construction and maintenance of bone

Question 16

What are the four ways that animals feed ?

Answer 16

1. Suspension feeders
2. Fluid feeders
3. Substrate feeders
4. Bulk feeders

Question 17

What are the four stages of food processing ?

Answer 17

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Eliminatioon

Question 18

What is the process of digestion ?

Answer 18

The breaking up of macromolecules which the animal then uses to make its own molecules, or as fuel for ATP production

Question 19

What are the two ways digestion is completed ?

Answer 19

Mechanical and chemical

Question 20

What do digestive enzymes do ?

Answer 20

Hydrolyze proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Question 21

How do animals not digest themselves ?

Answer 21

Most animals digest food in special compartments

Question 22

What do most animals have to aid digestion ?

Answer 22

Extracellular digestion - digestive compartments with one or two openings

Question 23

How do cnidarian hydras have ?

Answer 23

A gastrovascular cavity that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

Question 24

What are gastrodermis ?

Answer 24

Special cells lining the gastrovascular cavity which secrete digestive enzymes to break down prey

Question 25

What is the complete digestive tube/alimentary canal ?

Answer 25

A digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and anus

Question 26

What is an advantage of the alimentary canal ?

Answer 26

Additional food can be ingested before earlier meals are completely digested

Question 27

What are some evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems ?

Answer 27

1. Dentition

2. Size/length of digestive system