Lecture 6. Animal Diversity: Feeding Strategies

Question 1

What are the four major feeding strategies ?

Answer 1

1. Suspension/Filter feeders
2. Fluid feeders
3. Substrate feeders
4. Bulk feeders

Question 2

What do suspension feeders use and why ?

Answer 2

An apparatus to filter food out of water and air

Question 3

What type of suspension feeder do Krill use to feed ?

Answer 3

A feeding basket

Question 4

What is a Krill’s feeding basket made from ?

Answer 4

Front appendages

Question 5

How does a Krill’s feeding basket work ?

Answer 5

The movement of the appendages create vortices drawing more water and food towards the mouth

Question 6

What do baleen whales use to feed ?

Answer 6

Baleen plates

Question 7

What is the name for a Baleen whale ?

Answer 7

Mysticeti

Question 8

What are baleen plates made from ?

Answer 8

Keratin

Question 9

How do the baleen plates work ?

Answer 9

The whale force the water through their baleen with their tongue retaining food

Question 10

What do some fish use to filter feed ?

Answer 10

Gill rakers

Question 11

How do gill rakers work ?

Answer 11

Force water through their gills

Question 12

What do greater flamingos use to filter brine shrimp ?

Answer 12

The lamellae on their beaks

Question 13

What creatures is suspension feeding very common in ?

Answer 13

Invertebrates such as sponges

Question 14

What are all sponges ?

Answer 14

Suspension feeders

Question 15

How do lophotrochozoans feed ?

Answer 15

Use their lophophore tentacles to filter feed

Question 16

How do spiders filter feed ?

Answer 16

Insects from the air using webs

Question 17

How do fluid feeders work ?

Answer 17

Suck nutrients from a living host

Question 18

What are some examples of fluid feeders ?

Answer 18

1. Parasites

2. Pollinators

Question 19

What are substrate feeders ?

Answer 19

Live in or on their food

Question 20

What are bulk feeders ?

Answer 20

Eat relatively large pieces of food

Question 21

What is a Frugivore ?

Answer 21

Only eat fruit

Question 22

What is a Folivore ?

Answer 22

Only eat leaves

Question 23

What is a Granivore ?

Answer 23

Only eat seeds

Question 24

What is a nectarivore ?

Answer 24

Only eat nectar

Question 25

What is a palynivore ?

Answer 25

Only eat pollen

Question 26

What is a xylophage ?

Answer 26

Only eat wood

Question 27

What is a grazer ?

Answer 27

Eat grass, low vegetation, seagrass, algae

Question 28

What is a browser ?

Answer 28

Only eat woody vegetation

Question 29

What are the challenges of herbivory ?

Answer 29

1. Overcome plant defences 2. Acquire plant material 3. Digest it

Question 30

What are some adaptation plants have to avoid them being eaten ?

Answer 30

1. Chemical compounds 2. Spines and thorns 3. Bodyguards

Question 31

What may herbivores have to deal with plant physical defences ?

Answer 31

1. Hardened lips and tongues 2. Agility to avoid thorns 3. Specialised teeth 4. No soft parts

Question 32

How can herbivores tolerate plant compounds ?

Answer 32

1. Chemical breakdown by biochemical pathways 2. Alter feeding patterns so they only consume as much as they can deal with 3. Toxins are used by some caterpillars to make themselves toxic

Question 33

How have molluscs adapted to help them acquire food ?

Answer 33

1. They have radula which contain teeth made of chitin 2. Constantly grow to replace worn teeth 3. Grinds it against plant material

Question 34

What is the problem with digestion for animals ?

Answer 34

They do not posses the enzyme to break down cellulose

Question 35

How do herbivores digest cellulose ?

Answer 35

1. They have mutualistic bacteria an protists in their guts | 2. Large, specialised guts

Question 36

How do herbivores adapt to low nutritional content of plant material ?

Answer 36

1. Some maintain very low metabolic rates and slow life history 2. Most are larger than their non-herbivorous counterparts 3. Consume a lot of plant material

Question 37

What are some adaptations for catching and eating prey ?

Answer 37

1. Camoflague 2. Lures 3. Venom 4. Speed 5. Strength and stamina

Question 38

What animals use camoflague ?

Answer 38

1. Plaice | 2. Praying mantis

Question 39

What animals use lures ?

Answer 39

1. Frogfish | 2. Glow worms

Question 40

What is another name for glow worms ?

Answer 40

Arachnocampa

Question 41

What are some animals which use venom ?

Answer 41

1. Blue ringed octopus

Question 42

What are some animals that use speed ?

Answer 42

1. Cheetah | 2. Tiger beetle

Question 43

What is another name for a tiger beetle ?

Answer 43

Cincindela hudsoni

Question 44

What animals use strength and stamina ?

Answer 44

1. Tarantula | 2. African wild dogs

Question 45

What are some adaptions of prey ?

Answer 45

1. Camoflage 2. Poisons and warning colours 3. Mimicry 4. Living in groups

Question 46

What are some prey which use camoflage ?

Answer 46

1. Leaf insect | 2. Decorator crab

Question 47

What are some prey which use poison and warning colours ?

Answer 47

1. Poisonous dart frog | 2. Slow loris

Question 48

What is aposematism ?

Answer 48

When poisonous species are brightly coloured

Question 49

What is batesian mimicry ?

Answer 49

When a harmless organism mimics a poisonous species

Question 50

What is mullerian mimicry ?

Answer 50

Two unpalatable species mimic each other