Lecture 6. Animal Diversity: Feeding Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major feeding strategies ?

A
  1. Suspension/Filter feeders
  2. Fluid feeders
  3. Substrate feeders
  4. Bulk feeders
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2
Q

What do suspension feeders use and why ?

A

An apparatus to filter food out of water and air

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3
Q

What type of suspension feeder do Krill use to feed ?

A

A feeding basket

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4
Q

What is a Krill’s feeding basket made from ?

A

Front appendages

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5
Q

How does a Krill’s feeding basket work ?

A

The movement of the appendages create vortices drawing more water and food towards the mouth

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6
Q

What do baleen whales use to feed ?

A

Baleen plates

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7
Q

What is the name for a Baleen whale ?

A

Mysticeti

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8
Q

What are baleen plates made from ?

A

Keratin

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9
Q

How do the baleen plates work ?

A

The whale force the water through their baleen with their tongue retaining food

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10
Q

What do some fish use to filter feed ?

A

Gill rakers

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11
Q

How do gill rakers work ?

A

Force water through their gills

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12
Q

What do greater flamingos use to filter brine shrimp ?

A

The lamellae on their beaks

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13
Q

What creatures is suspension feeding very common in ?

A

Invertebrates such as sponges

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14
Q

What are all sponges ?

A

Suspension feeders

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15
Q

How do lophotrochozoans feed ?

A

Use their lophophore tentacles to filter feed

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16
Q

How do spiders filter feed ?

A

Insects from the air using webs

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17
Q

How do fluid feeders work ?

A

Suck nutrients from a living host

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18
Q

What are some examples of fluid feeders ?

A
  1. Parasites

2. Pollinators

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19
Q

What are substrate feeders ?

A

Live in or on their food

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20
Q

What are bulk feeders ?

A

Eat relatively large pieces of food

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21
Q

What is a Frugivore ?

A

Only eat fruit

22
Q

What is a Folivore ?

A

Only eat leaves

23
Q

What is a Granivore ?

A

Only eat seeds

24
Q

What is a nectarivore ?

A

Only eat nectar

25
Q

What is a palynivore ?

A

Only eat pollen

26
Q

What is a xylophage ?

A

Only eat wood

27
Q

What is a grazer ?

A

Eat grass, low vegetation, seagrass, algae

28
Q

What is a browser ?

A

Only eat woody vegetation

29
Q

What are the challenges of herbivory ?

A
  1. Overcome plant defences
  2. Acquire plant material
  3. Digest it
30
Q

What are some adaptation plants have to avoid them being eaten ?

A
  1. Chemical compounds
  2. Spines and thorns
  3. Bodyguards
31
Q

What may herbivores have to deal with plant physical defences ?

A
  1. Hardened lips and tongues
  2. Agility to avoid thorns
  3. Specialised teeth
  4. No soft parts
32
Q

How can herbivores tolerate plant compounds ?

A
  1. Chemical breakdown by biochemical pathways
  2. Alter feeding patterns so they only consume as much as they can deal with
  3. Toxins are used by some caterpillars to make themselves toxic
33
Q

How have molluscs adapted to help them acquire food ?

A
  1. They have radula which contain teeth made of chitin
  2. Constantly grow to replace worn teeth
  3. Grinds it against plant material
34
Q

What is the problem with digestion for animals ?

A

They do not posses the enzyme to break down cellulose

35
Q

How do herbivores digest cellulose ?

A
  1. They have mutualistic bacteria an protists in their guts

2. Large, specialised guts

36
Q

How do herbivores adapt to low nutritional content of plant material ?

A
  1. Some maintain very low metabolic rates and slow life history
  2. Most are larger than their non-herbivorous counterparts
  3. Consume a lot of plant material
37
Q

What are some adaptations for catching and eating prey ?

A
  1. Camoflague
  2. Lures
  3. Venom
  4. Speed
  5. Strength and stamina
38
Q

What animals use camoflague ?

A
  1. Plaice

2. Praying mantis

39
Q

What animals use lures ?

A
  1. Frogfish

2. Glow worms

40
Q

What is another name for glow worms ?

A

Arachnocampa

41
Q

What are some animals which use venom ?

A
  1. Blue ringed octopus
42
Q

What are some animals that use speed ?

A
  1. Cheetah

2. Tiger beetle

43
Q

What is another name for a tiger beetle ?

A

Cincindela hudsoni

44
Q

What animals use strength and stamina ?

A
  1. Tarantula

2. African wild dogs

45
Q

What are some adaptions of prey ?

A
  1. Camoflage
  2. Poisons and warning colours
  3. Mimicry
  4. Living in groups
46
Q

What are some prey which use camoflage ?

A
  1. Leaf insect

2. Decorator crab

47
Q

What are some prey which use poison and warning colours ?

A
  1. Poisonous dart frog

2. Slow loris

48
Q

What is aposematism ?

A

When poisonous species are brightly coloured

49
Q

What is batesian mimicry ?

A

When a harmless organism mimics a poisonous species

50
Q

What is mullerian mimicry ?

A

Two unpalatable species mimic each other