Lecture 16. The Molecular Basis of Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution ?

A

Descent with modification

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2
Q

What is genetics ?

A

Study of biological inheritance

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3
Q

What is a more specific definition of evolution ?

A

The process by which the genetic material of a population change over time

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4
Q

What is population ?

A

A group of organisms of the same species, in the same region, capable of mating freely with one another

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5
Q

What is a character ?

A

A feature of an organism

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6
Q

What is a trait ?

A

The state of a character in an organism

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7
Q

What is a phenotype ?

A

All the observable traits of an organism. These results from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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8
Q

What is population genetics ?

A

Study of the genetic composition of biological populations and changes to this composition

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9
Q

What is microevolution ?

A

Evolution within a species

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10
Q

What is evolutionary genetics ?

A

Broader study of how population genetic phenomena bring about long term evolutionary changes

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11
Q

What is macroevolution ?

A

Evolution above the species level

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12
Q

What are the laws that govern biological inheritance ?

A
  1. Inheritance of acquired traits

2. Blending inheritance

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13
Q

What is the Weismann barrier ?

A

Changes that occur in the body/soma cannot be passed on to the germ line

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14
Q

What does the weismann barrier show ?

A

Invalidates Darwin and Lamark theories of heridity but strengthened evolution by natural selection

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15
Q

Why was blending inheritance wrong ?

A

Advantageous traits would be blended away before selection could act

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16
Q

What was Mendels particulate inheritance ?

A

Traits are determined by discrete units that are inherited intact through the generations

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17
Q

What are Mendels laws of inheritance ?

A
  1. Law of segregation
  2. Law of independent assortment
  3. Law of dominane
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18
Q

What was Mendel’s idea about heritability ?

A

Heritability is mediated by discrete units or genes that can have alternate forms or alleles

19
Q

What is the law of segregation ?

A

During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. The allele is chosen randomly

20
Q

What is the law of dominance ?

A

Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive, an organism with at least one dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele

21
Q

What is violation of the law of dominance ?

A
  1. Some alleles do not show simple dominant/recessive relationship - incomplete dominance
  2. Codominance
22
Q

What is incomplete dominance ?

A

Heterozygote phenotypes appear intermediate between the homozygote values

23
Q

What is codominance ?

A

A new intermediate phenotype, both the recessive and dominant traits appear discretely alongside each other

24
Q

What is the law of independent assortment ?

A

Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation

25
What is a violation of the law of independent assortment ?
Genes do not always assort independently
26
What are Mendel's assumptions ?
1. Only two alleles exist for each gene | 2. Each trait is controlled by one gene
27
What is the violation to Mendel's assumption that only two alleles exist for each gene ?
Some genes are multiallelic
28
What is the violation to Mendel's assumption that each trait is only controlled by one gene ?
Some traits are controlled by multiple genes (polygenic)
29
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance ?
The behaviours of chromosomes during cell division mirrors Mendels Laws
30
What was the conclusion of the chromosomal theory of inheritance ?
Genetic material was contained on the chromosome
31
What is the material of inheritance ?
DNA
32
What is the structure of DNA ?
Double helix
33
What is molecular genetics ?
The study of molecular material of heredity DNA
34
What is DNA replication important for ?
Universal to all life and essential for biological inheritance
35
What is homology ?
Similarity due to common descent
36
What is a mutation ?
An alteration in the DNA sequence
37
What are the two types of mutation ?
1. spontaneous | 2. Induced by mutagens
38
What are the major steps in studies of molecular evolution ?
1. Identify homologous sequences | 2. Indentify differences between them
39
What do shared mutations act as ?
Markers of shared descent
40
What is the genome ?
The complete set of genetic informationin an organism
41
What is chromosomal crossover ?
The production of gametes via meiosis involving genetic crossover
42
What does recombination promote ?
Independent assortment
43
What is linkage ?
The closer two genes are on a chromosome the less likely a recombination event will occur between then