Lecture 7

Question 1

Four types of Tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 1

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 2

Organ- structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of _____ tissue types

Histology:

Answer 2

two or more
-study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

Question 3

Epithelial Tissue
AVASCULAR
Basement membrane:
Basal surface:
Apical surface:
Lateral surface:

Answer 3

-layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
-cell surface facing the basement membrane
-cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane
-cell surface between the basal and apical surface “side wall”

Question 4

Epithelial Tissue can be classified into arrangements and shapes

-Arrangement types:
-Cell shapes:

Answer 4

-simple, stratified, pseudostratified

-squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Question 5

Simple squamous:
-________ row of thin cells
-permits rapid _______ or ________ of substances
-Secretes serous fluid
-locations: _________

Answer 5

-single
-diffusion; transport
- alveoli (lungs), glomeruli (kidney), endothelium (inside of heart and blood vessels), serosa

Question 6

Simple cuboidal:
-______ layer of square or round cells
-_________ and _______, mucus production and __________
-locations: ________

Answer 6

-single
-absorption; secretion; movement
-liver, thyroid, mammary & salivary gland, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

Question 7

Simple columnar:
-single row of ____, _______ cells
-brush border of ______, ciliated in some organs, may posses _______ cells
-__________ and _________, secretion of mucus
-locations: ________

Answer 7

-tall; narrow
-microvilli; goblet
-absorption; secretion
-lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

Question 8

Pseudostratified columnar:
-looks multilayered, but all cells touch ______ ______
-has _____ and ______ cells
-secrete and ______ mucus
-locations: ______

Answer 8

-basement membrane
-cilia; goblet
-propel
-respiratory tract; portions of male urethra

Question 9

Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
-two types:

Answer 9

-keratinized stratified squamous
-Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 10

Keratinized stratified squamous:
-multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface
-resists ______; retards water loss through skin; resist penetration by _________ organisms
-locations: _______

Answer 10

abrasion; pathogenic
-epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized

Question 11

Non keratinized stratified squamous:
-same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells
-resists ________ and penetration of pathogens
-locations: _________

Answer 11

-abrasion
-tongue; oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

Question 12

Stratified Cuboidal:
-two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
-secretes ______, produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
-locations: _______

Answer 12

-sweat
-sweat glands ducts; ovarian follicle and seminiferous tubules

Question 13

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)
-multilayered epithelium with surface cells that ____ from round to flat when stretched
-allows for filing of _______ tract
-location: _______

Answer 13

-change
-urinary
-ureter and blader

Question 14

Functions of connective tissues:
-connecting organs: ________ and _______
-Support: _______ and _________
-Physical protection: ______,______,_____
-Immune protection: _______________
-Movement: _________
-Storgage: ________,_______,_______
-Heat production: ______________
-Transport: ______

Answer 14

-tendons and ligaments
-bones and cartilage
-cranium, ribs, sternum
-white blood cells attack foreign invaders
-bones provide lever system
-fat, calcium, phosphorus
-metabolism of brown fat
-blood

Question 15

Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue

Answer 15

Loose connective tissue:
-much gel-like ground substance btwn cells
-types–> areolar & reticular

Dense connective tissue:
-fibers fill spaces between cells
-types–> dense regular connective tissue & dense irregular connective tissue

Question 16

Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue)
-loosely organized fibers, abundant _____ vessels
-possess all six ____ types
-fibers run in random directions; mostly ______, but elastic and reticular also present
-location: ____

Answer 16

-blood
-cell
-collagen
-beneath the epidermis of your skin

Question 17

Reticular tissue:
-mesh of ______ fibers and fibroblasts
-forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
-location: ______

Answer 17

-reticular
-lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Question 18

Dense regular tissue: can be _________ or _______
-densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
-compressed fibroblast nuclei
-_______ attach muscles to bones and _______ holds bones together (collagenous)
-withstands stress in ____ direction

Answer 18

collagenous; elastic
-tendons; ligaments
ONE

Question 19

Dense irregular connective tissue
-densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers
-withstands unpredictable _______ in different directions
-locations: ________

Answer 19

-stresses
deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

Question 20

Adipose Tissue (not Fibrous)
-fat tissue in which ________ are the dominant cell type
-space between cells is occupied by _____ and _____ tissue, and blood capillaries
-body’s primary ______ reservoir
-White fat:
-Brown fat:

Answer 20

-adipocytes
-areolar & reticular
-energy
-only fat in adults that provides thermal insulation and cushions organs (eyeballs and kidneys)
-fat in fetuses, infants, children and color comes form blood vessels and mitochondria enzymes, functions as heat-generating tissue

Question 21

Cartilage:
-stiff connective tissue with _______ matrix
-gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx
-no blood vessels (AVASCULAR)
-matrix rich in ___________ and contains _______ fibers
-Types of cartilage vary with fiber composition

Answer 21

flexible
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs); collagen

Question 22

Hyaline cartilage:
-clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of ________ fibers
-eases _______ movement, holds airway open, moves _______ cords, growth of juvenile ________
-locations:

Answer 22

-collagen
-joint; vocal; long bone
-articular cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

Question 23

Elastic cartilage:
-cartilage containing abundance of ________ fibers
-covered with __________ (sheath of dense irregular connective tissue)
-provides flexible, elastic support
-locations: ______

Answer 23

-elastic
-perichondrium
-external ear and epiglottis

Question 24

Bone (osseous) tissue is a ______ connective tissue

Two forms of osseous tissue:
-____________: porous appearance
-___________: denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces

Answer 24

calcified
-spongy bone
-compact bone

Question 25

Blood: fluid connective tissue
-transport cells and dissolved matter from place to place
-________: blood’s ground substance
-_________: cells and cell fragment
-Erythrocytes:
-Leukocytes:
-Platelets:

Answer 25

-plasma
-formed elements
-red blood cells (RBCs) transport O2 and CO2
-white blood cells (WBCs) defend against infection and disease
-cell fragments involved in clotting

Question 26

Nervous and Muscular Tissues– ________ Tissues
-__________: ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
-___________: electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane
-In ________ cells, changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
-In _______ cells, changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell

Answer 26

excitable
-excitability
-membrane potential
-nerve
-muscle

Question 27

Nervous Tissue
-specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
-________ (nerve cells) detect stimuli, respond, quickly, and transmit coded info rapidly to other cells
-________ (glial cells): protect and assist neurons, are the “housekeepers” of nervous system

Answer 27

neurons
neuroglia

Question 28

Muscular Tissue
-_______ in response to stimulation
-primary job is to exert ________ on other tissues and organs
-Creates _______ involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation
-important source of ______
-three types of muscles tissue:

Answer 28

-contracts
-physical force
-movement
-body heat
-skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 29

Skeletal muscle:
-made of muscle fibers– long thing cells
-most skeletal muscles attach to _______
-Contains multiple _____ adjacent to plasma membrane
-________: alternating dark and light bands (actin and myosin)
-________: conscious control over skeletal muscle

Answer 29

-bones
-nuclei
-striations
-voluntary

Question 30

Smooth muscle:
-made of fusiform cells lacking ________
-_________ function
-most is visceral muscle: making up parts of walls of hollow organs

Answer 30

-striations
-involuntary

Question 31

Cardiac muscle:
-limited to the _____ wall
-______________ are short and branched with one centrally located nucleus
-____________: join cells end to end (provide electrical and mechanical connection
-_________ and _______

Answer 31

-heart
-cardiomyocytes
-intercalated discs
-striated; involuntary

Question 32

Cellular Junctions: connections between two cells
3 types:

Answer 32

1. Tight junction: cells tightly linked; no large materials can get through
2. Desmosomes: materials can get between the cells
3. Gap junction: make little holes to pass ions from one cell to the next