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BIOL 203 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mixtures

A

consist of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

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2
Q

water: _______
-S________
-C________
-A________
-C________
-T_______-

A

polar covalent bonds and a v-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life

-Solvency
-Cohesion
-Adhesion
-Chemical reactivity
-Thermal stability

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3
Q

Solvency: ability to _______ other chemicals: universal solvent
-Hydrophobic:
-Hydrophilic:

A

dissolve
-substances that do NOT dissolve in water
-substances that dissolve in water

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4
Q

adhesion

A

tendency of one substance to cling to another (ex. xylem inside of plant)

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5
Q

cohesion

A

tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

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6
Q

Acid- proton ________ (releases ______ ions in water)
Base- proton _______ (accepts ____ ions or releases ______ ions)

A

donor; H+
acceptor; H+; OH-

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7
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+

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8
Q

maintaining a slightly ______ pH of blood is crucial for physiological functions
-________ are chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

A

basic
buffers

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9
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or lost only change forms

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10
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

disorder (entropy) is continuously increasing in a closed system. Energy transformations spontaneously convert matter to a less ordered state–
conversion to a more ordered state will require energy input

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11
Q

Metabolism: the ____ of all chemical reactions of the body
Catabolism:
Anabolism:
-Anabolism is driven by the _____ release by catabolism

A

sum
-breaks down big substances into molecular rubble
-constructs things and consumes energy
-ENERGY

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12
Q

Oxidation

A

a chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

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13
Q

Reduction

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

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14
Q

The study of compounds containing carbon
-Carbon has ______ valence electrons
-can form _____ covalent bonds with other atoms
-forms long chains, branched molecules, and rings

A

4
four

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15
Q

Functional groups of carbon

A

hydroxyl
methyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate

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16
Q

Hydroxyl occurs in…

A

sugars, alcohols

17
Q

Methyl occurs in…

A

fats, oils, steroids, amino acids

18
Q

carboxyl occurs in…

A

amino acids, sugars, proteins

19
Q

amino

A

amino acids, proteins

20
Q

phosphate

A

nucleic acids, ATP

21
Q

Biological Macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

nucleic acid
carbohydrate
lipid
protein

22
Q

carbohydrates:
are _________ organic molecules
-monosaccharides:
-disaccharides:
-polysaccharides:
Carbohydrates are an ________ source

A

hydrophilic
-simplest carbohydrates
-two monosaccharides joined
-multiple monosaccharides joined
ENERGY

23
Q

Carbohydrates are found in:

A

-Glycolipids
-Glycoproteins
-Proteoglycans

24
Q

Lipids:
are _________ organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
-more ______ per gram than carbohydrates
-Five primary types of lipids in the human body:

A

hydrophobic
-calories
-Fatty acids
-Triglycerides
-Eicosanoids
-Steroids
-Phospholipids

25
Q

Phospholipids
-one fatty acid is replaced by a _______ group
-structural foundation of cell __________
-contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts=______
-fatty acid “tails” are __________
-phosphate “head” is __________

A

-phosphate
-membrane
-amphipathic
-hydrophobic
-hydrophilic

26
Q

Protein:
a polymer of ________
-Central carbon with three attachments
-_______ group (-NH2)
-_______ group (“-“ COOH)
-_______ group

A

amino acids
-amino
-carboxyl
-radical (R GROUP)

27
Q

Primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

28
Q

Secondary structure

A

alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

folding and coiling due to interactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water

30
Q

Quanternary structure

A

association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

31
Q

Functions of proteins
-Structure
-Communication
-_______________
-Catalysis
-Recognition and protection
-______________
-_____________

A

membrane transport
movement
cell adhesion

32
Q

Enzyme Structure and Action
-Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site
-molecules form enzyme-substrate complex (lock & key)
-enzyme releases _______ products
-enzyme ______ and can repeat process
-enzyme ________ activation energy-> allows reaction to occur at a faster rate

A

reaction
unchanged
lowers

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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