Lecture 3 Flashcards
Mixtures
consist of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined
water: _______
-S________
-C________
-A________
-C________
-T_______-
polar covalent bonds and a v-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life
-Solvency
-Cohesion
-Adhesion
-Chemical reactivity
-Thermal stability
Solvency: ability to _______ other chemicals: universal solvent
-Hydrophobic:
-Hydrophilic:
dissolve
-substances that do NOT dissolve in water
-substances that dissolve in water
adhesion
tendency of one substance to cling to another (ex. xylem inside of plant)
cohesion
tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
Acid- proton ________ (releases ______ ions in water)
Base- proton _______ (accepts ____ ions or releases ______ ions)
donor; H+
acceptor; H+; OH-
pH
measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+
maintaining a slightly ______ pH of blood is crucial for physiological functions
-________ are chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
basic
buffers
First law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or lost only change forms
Second law of thermodynamics
disorder (entropy) is continuously increasing in a closed system. Energy transformations spontaneously convert matter to a less ordered state–
conversion to a more ordered state will require energy input
Metabolism: the ____ of all chemical reactions of the body
Catabolism:
Anabolism:
-Anabolism is driven by the _____ release by catabolism
sum
-breaks down big substances into molecular rubble
-constructs things and consumes energy
-ENERGY
Oxidation
a chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
Reduction
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
The study of compounds containing carbon
-Carbon has ______ valence electrons
-can form _____ covalent bonds with other atoms
-forms long chains, branched molecules, and rings
4
four
Functional groups of carbon
hydroxyl
methyl
carboxyl
amino
phosphate
Hydroxyl occurs in…
sugars, alcohols
Methyl occurs in…
fats, oils, steroids, amino acids
carboxyl occurs in…
amino acids, sugars, proteins
amino
amino acids, proteins
phosphate
nucleic acids, ATP
Biological Macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
carbohydrates:
are _________ organic molecules
-monosaccharides:
-disaccharides:
-polysaccharides:
Carbohydrates are an ________ source
hydrophilic
-simplest carbohydrates
-two monosaccharides joined
-multiple monosaccharides joined
ENERGY
Carbohydrates are found in:
-Glycolipids
-Glycoproteins
-Proteoglycans
Lipids:
are _________ organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
-more ______ per gram than carbohydrates
-Five primary types of lipids in the human body:
hydrophobic
-calories
-Fatty acids
-Triglycerides
-Eicosanoids
-Steroids
-Phospholipids
Phospholipids
-one fatty acid is replaced by a _______ group
-structural foundation of cell __________
-contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts=______
-fatty acid “tails” are __________
-phosphate “head” is __________
-phosphate
-membrane
-amphipathic
-hydrophobic
-hydrophilic
Protein:
a polymer of ________
-Central carbon with three attachments
-_______ group (-NH2)
-_______ group (“-“ COOH)
-_______ group
amino acids
-amino
-carboxyl
-radical (R GROUP)
Primary structure
sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Secondary structure
alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding
Tertiary structure
folding and coiling due to interactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water
Quanternary structure
association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other
Functions of proteins
-Structure
-Communication
-_______________
-Catalysis
-Recognition and protection
-______________
-_____________
membrane transport
movement
cell adhesion
Enzyme Structure and Action
-Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site
-molecules form enzyme-substrate complex (lock & key)
-enzyme releases _______ products
-enzyme ______ and can repeat process
-enzyme ________ activation energy-> allows reaction to occur at a faster rate
reaction
unchanged
lowers
