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BIOL 203 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Two organ system are dedicated to maintaining internal coordination:
1. __________
2. __________ (divided into _____ & _____)

-both of these systems are __________ systems: it receives, integrates, and responds to information

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Nervous system; CNS & PNS

-control

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2
Q

Parts of the CNS & PNS

CENTRAL Nervous System:
- ________: central processing center
- ________: gateway between brain and trunk/limbs

PERIPHERAL Nervous System:
- ________: conducting wires (cordlike structures that conduct info; composed of ______(=nerve fibers) of neurons
- ________: knot-like swelling in a nerve where the ________ of neurons are concentrated

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves; axons
  • ganglia; cell bodies
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3
Q

The CNS has various centers that integrate all of the information:
- __________ (incl. the spinal cord) that carry out essential body functions
- _________ that control more sophisticated information processing

A

lower centers
higher centers

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4
Q

Afferent pathway

A
  • towards CNS
  • PNS: input
  • (sensory)
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5
Q

Efferent pathway

A
  • away from CNS
  • PNS: output
  • (motor)
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6
Q

mixed nerve

A

nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers

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7
Q

PNS: Sensory division
-somatic:
-visceral:

A
  • sensory info from the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints
  • sensory info from viscera (organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities)
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8
Q

PNS: Motor division
-somatic:
-visceral:

A
  • voluntary muscle contractions; involuntary somatic reflexes; motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic NS
    controls:
    cardiac muscle
    smooth muscle
    glands
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9
Q

Ganglia (sing. ganglion):

A

collections of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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10
Q

Nerves:

A

Bundles of axons in the PNS

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11
Q

Nuclei:

A

collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS

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12
Q

Tracts:

A

bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function

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13
Q

Columns:

A

several tracts that form an anatomically distinct mass

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14
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

conduct signals from receptors to the CNS

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15
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands

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16
Q

Interneurons:

A
  • ‘between’
  • are confined to the CNS
  • they process, store, and retrieve info and ‘‘make decisions” that determine how the body responds to stimuli
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17
Q

3 parts of a neuron:
- _________: control center
- dendrites: _____________
-__________: conducting region

A
  • cell body
  • receptive or input regions
    (they receive & convey incoming messages toward the cell body)
  • axon (generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)
18
Q

Cell body= ______ or _____
contains
- ___________
- __________

A

soma; neurosoma
- nucleus
- nucleoli

19
Q

Dendrites

  • their characteristic branching pattern allows for ______________
  • the more dendrites the more ________ it can receive
  • contains dendritic ______
  • _________ regulated ion gates respond to stimulation by NTs
A
  • integration of multiple input
  • info
  • spines
  • chemically
20
Q

Axon= ________
- trigger zone: _______ + ______
- only the axon has _______ regulated ion gates- “the conducting region”
- the secretory region= __________ __________
- ____________: contain synaptic vesicles full of NTs

A

nerve fiber
- axon hillock + initial segment
- voltage
- terminal arborization
- terminal buttons

21
Q

Neuron structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
  4. Anaxonic
22
Q

Multipolar neurons
-_______ neurons of the CNS
- _____ dendrite(s)
- _____ axon(s)

A
  • most
  • multiple
  • one
23
Q

Bipolar neurons:
- sensory neurons that are located in some ________ _______ organs
- _______ dendrite(s)
- _______ axon(s)

A
  • special sense
  • one
  • one
24
Q

Unipolar
- the neurons that carry sensory signals to the _______ ______
- a _________ process leading away from the soma

A
  • spinal cord
  • single
25
Q

4 types of CNS glial cells
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal Cells
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
26
Q

Astrocytes:
- convert glucose to ______-; supply this to neurons
- produce ________ factors
- regulate the ________ _______ (chemical composition)
- form the ______-_____ ______

A
  • lactate
  • growth
  • extracellular environment
  • blood-brain barrier
27
Q

Ependymal cells:
- line _______
- produce _____________ (CSF)

A
  • cavaties
  • cerebrospinal fluid
28
Q

Microglia cells: (__________)
- __________ cells (phagocytic)
- they remove damaged neurons and microorganisms (infection)

A

(macrophages)
- defensive

29
Q

Oligodendrocytes:
- their processes form _________ ________ around nerve fibers

A
  • myelin sheaths
30
Q

2 types of PNS glia cells
1.
2.

A
  1. Schwann cell
  2. Satellite cell
31
Q

Schwann cell:
- _________ certain axons in the PNS

A
  • myelinate
32
Q

Satellite cell:
- surround and support _______ ________

A
  • cell bodies
33
Q
  • insulation around the axon= ___% lipid
  • formed by plasma mb of glial cells: ___________ in CNS/ ____________ in PNS
  • myelin sheath _____ signal conduction
  • gaps between myelin-covered segments= __________
  • myelin-covered segments= __________
A
  • 80%
  • oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
  • speeds
  • node of ranvier
  • internode
34
Q
  • __________= the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells
  • _________= cytoplasm
  • _________= plasma mb
  • regeneration of damaged PNS nerve fiber (axon) can occur if…..
A
  • neurilemma
  • axoplasm
  • axolemma
  • soma intact + at least some neurilemma remains
35
Q

Local (or Graded) potential

Event location= _______ and _________:
- ______ distance (local)- typically within cell body to axon hillock
- signals ______ with distance
- REVERSIBLE

Stimulus for opening ion channels:
- chemical (________) or sensory stimulus (e.g. _____, ______, ______)

Ion channels:
- ______- gated Na+ channels

Peak membrane potential:
- excitatory= ________, moves toward 0 mV
- inhibitory= _______, moves toward -90 mV

A
  • cell body; dendrites
  • short
  • decay
  • NTs; light, pressure, temperature
  • ligand
  • depolarizes
  • hyperpolarizes
36
Q

Action potential

Event location: ______ and ______
- ______ distance- from trigger zone at axon hillock through entire length of axon
- constitutes the nerve _________
- does NOT decay with distance (same strength)
- IRREVERSIBLE: it can’t be stopped once it begins

Stimulus for opening ion channels:
- _______ (depolarization, triggered by local potential reaching threshold)

Ion channels:
- _______- gated

Peak membrane potential:
- +30 to +50 mV
- always begin with _________

A
  • axon hillock; axon
  • long
  • impulse
  • voltage
  • voltage
  • depolarization
37
Q

Local (or graded) potential: summation
- stimulus responses can summate to increase amplitude of graded potential
- ________: increased frequency of stimuli
- ________: stimuli from multiple sources
- ________: they vary in magnitude depending on the strength of the stimulus

A
  • temporal
  • spatial
  • graded
38
Q

Action potential: summation
- does NOT occur
- ____________: if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold, the neuron fires at its maximum voltage; if not reach= not AP

A
  • All-or-none law
39
Q

Propagation of Action Potential:
- When the local current arrives at the ____ _______ it depolarizes the membrane at that point
- If reaches the _________ voltage: the neuron now ‘fires’ (produces an AP)

A
  • axon hillock
  • threshold
40
Q

Nonmyelinated axons (__________ conduction)
- uninterrupted ______ of electrical excitation all along the fiber

A

continuous
- wave

41
Q

Myelinated axons:
- APs occur ONLY at the ___________, this mode of conductions creates a false impression that the nerve signal jumps from node to node
- In the internodal segments, conduction is ____ _______, but decremental

A
  • nodes of ranvier
  • very fast

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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