Lecture 22 Flashcards
-Thermoreceptors detect=______________
-Photoreceptors detect=________
-Chemoreceptors detect=___________
-Nociceptors detect=____________
- heat and cold
- light
- chemicals (odors, tastes)
- tissue injury/damage (pain)
______________ detect physical deformation of (plasma mb) cell or tissue by
- tactile receptors
- proprioceptors
- baroreceptors
mechanoreceptors
Types of mechanoreceptors
-tactile receptors detect=______________
-proprioceptors detect= ________________
-baroreceptors detect= ____________
- vibration/touch/pressure
- stretch
- tension/pressure changes in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs
___________________: a type of mechanoreceptor that senses the position and movements of the body or its parts
- they occur in muscles, tenons, and joint capsules
2 examples are: ____________ and _____________-
proprioceptors
1. muscle spindles
2. Golgi tendon organs
Five “special” senses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- They are special in being confined to the _______ and having specialized structures for detection
- Smell
- Taste
- Balance
- Hearing
- Vision
- head
General Senses aka
- ______________ or ______________
somatosensory senses
somesthetic senses
Sensory receptors for…
- General senses are found in ___________________________
- Special senses are found in _____________________________
- receptive endings of sensory neurons (first order neurons)
- specialized receptor cells (NOT NEURONS)
Only the receptor cells for ______ can generate an action potential. The other special senses use ________ _______= local potential
smell; receptor potentials
Types of general sensory receptors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- Free nerve endings
- Tactile corpuscle (Meissner’s)
- End bulb (Krause)
- Hair receptor
- Bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini)
- Lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian)
- Tactile disc (Merkel disc)
Free nerve endings senses
- pain (_____________)
- _______
- _______
nociceptors
heat
cold
- Tactile disc senses=
- Tactile corpuscle (Meissener’s) senses=
- steady pressure and texture
- flutter and stroking movements (dynamic touch)
Types of stimuli associated with…
- Lamellar corpuscle= _______
- Bulbous corpuscle= ________
- Hair receptor= __________
- End bulb= __________
- vibration
- heavy continuous touch/pressure; stretch of skin
- light tough (sense hair movement)
- unknown; maybe temperature and touch?
Three categories of pain
1.
2.
3.
- Nociceptive
- Neuropathic
- Nociplastic
Nociceptive pain arises from actual or threatened damage to __________ ________ and is due to the activation of _______________
Classifications:
- __________ pain
- __________ pain
-_______: bones, joints, muscles
-_______: skin
non-neural tissue; nociceptors
- visceral
- somatic
-deep
-superficial
Why type of pain is…
- mucosal injury (ex:_________)
- obstruction or capsular distension (ex: _____________)
_____________________
- peptic ulcer
- kidney stones
- nociceptive pain (visceral pain)
What type of pain does osteoarthritis produce and why?
nociceptive somatic deep pain since they activate nociceptors
Neuropathic pain is caused by a _________ or _______ of the somatosensory ________________
Four examples that cause this pain
1.
2.
3.
4.
lesion; damage; nervous System
1. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to peripheral nerves)
2. Stroke
3. Multiple sclerosis: immune system attacks mylein shealth in brain and spinal cord
4. Spinal cord injury
Nociplastic pain, you ________ observe tissue damage or a clear lesion of the NS
Two examples that cause this pain
1.
2.
- Fibromyalgia
- Irritable bowel syndrome
Seven exogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS & CNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- Histamine
- Bradykinin
- Serotonin
- Prostaglandin
- protons
- substance P
- CGRP
“Axon reflex”: ____________ & __________ are released by nociceptors at the site of a tissue injury leading to ______________ and release of __________, ____________, and ____________ (serotonin)
substance P & calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP); vasodilatation; bradykinin; histamine; 5-HT
_____________ and ____________ are released in the spinal cord by the first order neuron in order to contribute to transmission of pain signals
substance P; glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitters)
Some descending analgesic fibers synapse on spinal interneurons, which secrete __________ (opiate family) that inhibit the 2nd order pain neuron
enkephalins
__________: taste organs that contain gustatory receptor cells (taste cells) located within tongue papillae
-of the types of tongue papillae _________ and ________ contains taste buds
taste buds
- fungiform; vallate
Types of cells found in a taste bud includes
- ___________
- ___________
-____________
- supporting cells
- basal cells
- gustatory receptor cells (NOT NEURONS)
____________ are small cilia like structures that extend from the ______________ and are found in the pore of a tase bud. They contain receptors for ___________
taste hairs; gustatory receptor cells; tastants
Five primary taste sensations:
1. __________: produced by metal ions (Na+, K+)
2. __________: associated with acids
3. __________: carbohydrates
4. __________: spoiled food & alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine)
5. __________: a “meaty” taste produced by AAs such as aspartic & glutamic acids
- Salt
- Sour
- Sweet
- Bitter
- Umami
a taste bud is typically composed of several cells detecting different tastes, but each individual taste cell has _________ for ONLY ONE type of taste
receptors
Taste cells stimulate the axons of sensory neurons corresponding to the vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and facial nerve by releasing __________ that bind to the receptors of these CN. These axons travel to the __________________ in the medulla oblongata
neurotransmitters; nucleus of the solitary tract
Two brain areas related to the gustatory pathway that play a key role in making us drool when we see your favorite food are…
- _____________: responsible for emotions and memory
- _____________: automatic reflexes associated with tase (salivation, gagging, vomiting)
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
The gustatory cortex is located in the _______ of the brain
insula
olfactory receptor cells (neurons) are ______________ due to the presence of basal cells
replaceable
Odorants are detected by olfactory receptor cells in a patch of epithelium, the ___________________, located in the roof of the nasal cavity
- this structure also contains ___________ and ______________
olfactory mucosa
- basal cells; supporting cells
- Olfactory receptor cell ___________ (often referred to as olfactory hairs due to their appearance): surfaces contain receptor proteins that detect odorants
- Olfactory receptor cell axons bundle together to form the ___________________
- A ______________ is the site in the olfactory bulb where the axons of olfactory receptor cells containing receptors for the SAME odors synapse with other cells
- dendrites
- olfactory nerve (CN I)
- glomerulus
The olfactory nerve synapses with ______ and _______ cells at the glomerulus in the olfactory ________
tufted; mitral; bulb
The _________ of tufted and mitral cells form the olfactory tracts, carrying out information to brain structures
axons
Three brain areas that constitute the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
1.
2.
3.
- piriform cortex
- amygdala
- entorhinal cortex
The secondary olfactory cortex (aka orbitofrontal cortex) is where we ________ and _________ among odors
- it also ___________ odor, taste, and vision (results in the overall perception of food flavor and palatability
identify; discriminate
- integrates
Odor information is also sent to portions of __________________ and ___________ that trigger automatic responses involved in appetite, salivation, and gastric contraction. The ____________ is involved in olfactory memory
hypothalamus; brainstem; hippocampus
Granule cells are found in the olfactory bulb, and they release ___________ neurotransmitter. Their function is to inhibit ________ and _______ cells, the principal relays of olfactory information from the bulb to the brain, result is enhanced olfactory __________
inhibitory GABA; mitral; tufted; discrimination
