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BIOL 203 > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

-Thermoreceptors detect=______________

-Photoreceptors detect=________

-Chemoreceptors detect=___________

-Nociceptors detect=____________

A
  • heat and cold
  • light
  • chemicals (odors, tastes)
  • tissue injury/damage (pain)
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2
Q

______________ detect physical deformation of (plasma mb) cell or tissue by
- tactile receptors
- proprioceptors
- baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors

-tactile receptors detect=______________

-proprioceptors detect= ________________

-baroreceptors detect= ____________

A
  • vibration/touch/pressure
  • stretch
  • tension/pressure changes in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs
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4
Q

___________________: a type of mechanoreceptor that senses the position and movements of the body or its parts
- they occur in muscles, tenons, and joint capsules

2 examples are: ____________ and _____________-

A

proprioceptors
1. muscle spindles
2. Golgi tendon organs

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5
Q

Five “special” senses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

  • They are special in being confined to the _______ and having specialized structures for detection
A
  1. Smell
  2. Taste
  3. Balance
  4. Hearing
  5. Vision
  • head
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6
Q

General Senses aka
- ______________ or ______________

A

somatosensory senses
somesthetic senses

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7
Q

Sensory receptors for…
- General senses are found in ___________________________
- Special senses are found in _____________________________

A
  • receptive endings of sensory neurons (first order neurons)
  • specialized receptor cells (NOT NEURONS)
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8
Q

Only the receptor cells for ______ can generate an action potential. The other special senses use ________ _______= local potential

A

smell; receptor potentials

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9
Q

Types of general sensory receptors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Tactile corpuscle (Meissner’s)
  3. End bulb (Krause)
  4. Hair receptor
  5. Bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini)
  6. Lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian)
  7. Tactile disc (Merkel disc)
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10
Q

Free nerve endings senses
- pain (_____________)
- _______
- _______

A

nociceptors
heat
cold

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11
Q
  • Tactile disc senses=
  • Tactile corpuscle (Meissener’s) senses=
A
  • steady pressure and texture
  • flutter and stroking movements (dynamic touch)
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12
Q

Types of stimuli associated with…
- Lamellar corpuscle= _______
- Bulbous corpuscle= ________
- Hair receptor= __________
- End bulb= __________

A
  • vibration
  • heavy continuous touch/pressure; stretch of skin
  • light tough (sense hair movement)
  • unknown; maybe temperature and touch?
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13
Q

Three categories of pain
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Nociceptive
  2. Neuropathic
  3. Nociplastic
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14
Q

Nociceptive pain arises from actual or threatened damage to __________ ________ and is due to the activation of _______________

Classifications:
- __________ pain
- __________ pain
-_______: bones, joints, muscles
-_______: skin

A

non-neural tissue; nociceptors

  • visceral
  • somatic
    -deep
    -superficial
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15
Q

Why type of pain is…
- mucosal injury (ex:_________)
- obstruction or capsular distension (ex: _____________)

_____________________

A
  • peptic ulcer
  • kidney stones
  • nociceptive pain (visceral pain)
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16
Q

What type of pain does osteoarthritis produce and why?

A

nociceptive somatic deep pain since they activate nociceptors

17
Q

Neuropathic pain is caused by a _________ or _______ of the somatosensory ________________

Four examples that cause this pain
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

lesion; damage; nervous System
1. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to peripheral nerves)
2. Stroke
3. Multiple sclerosis: immune system attacks mylein shealth in brain and spinal cord
4. Spinal cord injury

18
Q

Nociplastic pain, you ________ observe tissue damage or a clear lesion of the NS

Two examples that cause this pain
1.
2.

A
  1. Fibromyalgia
  2. Irritable bowel syndrome
19
Q

Seven exogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS & CNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Bradykinin
  3. Serotonin
  4. Prostaglandin
  5. protons
  6. substance P
  7. CGRP
20
Q

“Axon reflex”: ____________ & __________ are released by nociceptors at the site of a tissue injury leading to ______________ and release of __________, ____________, and ____________ (serotonin)

A

substance P & calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP); vasodilatation; bradykinin; histamine; 5-HT

21
Q

_____________ and ____________ are released in the spinal cord by the first order neuron in order to contribute to transmission of pain signals

A

substance P; glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitters)

22
Q

Some descending analgesic fibers synapse on spinal interneurons, which secrete __________ (opiate family) that inhibit the 2nd order pain neuron

A

enkephalins

23
Q

__________: taste organs that contain gustatory receptor cells (taste cells) located within tongue papillae

-of the types of tongue papillae _________ and ________ contains taste buds

A

taste buds
- fungiform; vallate

24
Q

Types of cells found in a taste bud includes
- ___________
- ___________
-____________

A
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • gustatory receptor cells (NOT NEURONS)
25
Q

____________ are small cilia like structures that extend from the ______________ and are found in the pore of a tase bud. They contain receptors for ___________

A

taste hairs; gustatory receptor cells; tastants

26
Q

Five primary taste sensations:
1. __________: produced by metal ions (Na+, K+)
2. __________: associated with acids
3. __________: carbohydrates
4. __________: spoiled food & alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine)
5. __________: a “meaty” taste produced by AAs such as aspartic & glutamic acids

A
  1. Salt
  2. Sour
  3. Sweet
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
27
Q

a taste bud is typically composed of several cells detecting different tastes, but each individual taste cell has _________ for ONLY ONE type of taste

A

receptors

28
Q

Taste cells stimulate the axons of sensory neurons corresponding to the vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and facial nerve by releasing __________ that bind to the receptors of these CN. These axons travel to the __________________ in the medulla oblongata

A

neurotransmitters; nucleus of the solitary tract

29
Q

Two brain areas related to the gustatory pathway that play a key role in making us drool when we see your favorite food are…
- _____________: responsible for emotions and memory
- _____________: automatic reflexes associated with tase (salivation, gagging, vomiting)

A
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
30
Q

The gustatory cortex is located in the _______ of the brain

A

insula

31
Q

olfactory receptor cells (neurons) are ______________ due to the presence of basal cells

A

replaceable

32
Q

Odorants are detected by olfactory receptor cells in a patch of epithelium, the ___________________, located in the roof of the nasal cavity
- this structure also contains ___________ and ______________

A

olfactory mucosa
- basal cells; supporting cells

33
Q
  • Olfactory receptor cell ___________ (often referred to as olfactory hairs due to their appearance): surfaces contain receptor proteins that detect odorants
  • Olfactory receptor cell axons bundle together to form the ___________________
  • A ______________ is the site in the olfactory bulb where the axons of olfactory receptor cells containing receptors for the SAME odors synapse with other cells
A
  • dendrites
  • olfactory nerve (CN I)
  • glomerulus
34
Q

The olfactory nerve synapses with ______ and _______ cells at the glomerulus in the olfactory ________

A

tufted; mitral; bulb

35
Q

The _________ of tufted and mitral cells form the olfactory tracts, carrying out information to brain structures

A

axons

36
Q

Three brain areas that constitute the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. piriform cortex
  2. amygdala
  3. entorhinal cortex
37
Q

The secondary olfactory cortex (aka orbitofrontal cortex) is where we ________ and _________ among odors
- it also ___________ odor, taste, and vision (results in the overall perception of food flavor and palatability

A

identify; discriminate
- integrates

38
Q

Odor information is also sent to portions of __________________ and ___________ that trigger automatic responses involved in appetite, salivation, and gastric contraction. The ____________ is involved in olfactory memory

A

hypothalamus; brainstem; hippocampus

39
Q

Granule cells are found in the olfactory bulb, and they release ___________ neurotransmitter. Their function is to inhibit ________ and _______ cells, the principal relays of olfactory information from the bulb to the brain, result is enhanced olfactory __________

A

inhibitory GABA; mitral; tufted; discrimination

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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