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BIOL 203 > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Which system exhibits slow, long lasting results and which one has quick brief results? The nervous system or endocrine system

A
  • endocrine system= slow, long lasting
  • nervous system= quick brief results
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2
Q

Chemical transmitters:
- ___________= endocrine system; produced by endocrine glandular cells (GLANDS) and travels through the ____________
- ___________= nervous system; travel short distances to effect muscles and glands; quick brief results

A

hormones; bloodstream neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Both the endocrine and nervous system serve for internal _____________ and they both use chemical transmitters

A

communication

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4
Q

Several chemicals function as both NT and H which include…

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ADH

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5
Q
  • Some H and NT produce __________ effects on the same organ
  • Only certain _________ organs or cell respond to NT or H
A

identical; target

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6
Q

Endocrine system: made up of all the ________, __________, and ______ that secrete ____________

A

glands; tissues; cells; hormones

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7
Q

____________: long-distance signals that travel in the blood

A

hormones

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8
Q

Hormones acts as _________ because they bind receptor molecules in target cells

A

ligands

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9
Q
  • target cell/tissue: possesses _________ to which a specific hormone acts
  • the expected outcome upon the binding of a hormone is start __________ and/or synthesize a specific ___________-
A
  • receptors
  • dividing; protein
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10
Q

_________: a bodily structure responsible for producing various substances, such as hormones, digestive fluids, sweat, tears, salvia, or milk

A

gland

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11
Q
  • __________ glands: release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body

-__________ glands: secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A
  • exocrine
  • endocrine
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12
Q

The pancreas serves as both ____________ and __________ glands
- ________ cells release digestive enzymes into ducts
- pancreatic ______ release hormones into the blood

A

exocrine; endocrine
- acinar
- islets

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13
Q

scattered throughout the pancreas: endocrine cell clusters called _________ ____ (aka _______ ___ ____________)

A

pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans

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14
Q

Specific pancreatic cells that are responsible for the production of
- Insulin= _______ cells
- Amylin= _______ cells
- Glucagon= _____ cells

A
  • beta
  • beta
  • alpha
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15
Q

The hormones that play a role in the homeostasis of glycemia (blood glucose) are
____________,___________, and __________

A

insulin, amylin, and glucagon

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16
Q

Insulin and glucagon have ___________ effects on peripheral organs to control blood glucose levels

-insulin __________ glucose levels while glucagon tends to __________ circulating glucose levels

A

antagonistic
- lowers; raise

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17
Q

_________ of blood glucose levels, such as after eating a a meal, initiates the release of insulin from the ____________

A

increase; pancreas

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18
Q

______________: glycogen synthesis (glucose molecules added to glycogen chains for storage)

A

glycogenesis

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19
Q

_______________: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q
  • insulin ___________ glycogenesis in the liver and ____________ gluconeogenesis
  • glucagon ___________ glycogenolysis and ____________ gluconeogenesis
A
  • stimulates; inhibits
  • stimulates; stimulates
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21
Q
  • insulin __________ glucose uptake in adipose tissue and muscle
A
  • increases
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22
Q

Amylin is ______________ secreted with insulin. It helps to ________ spikes in blood glucose by:
- suppressing ___________
- _________ gastric emptying
- _________ glucagon release

A

simultaneously; lowers
- appetite
- slow
- inhibits

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23
Q

____________ in blood glucose levels, such as between meals, triggers the release of ___________ in the liver

A

deceased; glucagon

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24
Q

Insulin enables glucose entry into various tissues like muscle and adipose by promoting the movement of ____________ ____________ _____________ to the cell membrane

A

GLUT 4 glucose transporters

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25
Q

_______________ is responsible for transporting glucose from the bloodstream into cells, particularly muscle and adipose (fat) cells

A

GLUT-4

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26
Q

___________ __________ is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated glucose levels

A

diabetes mellitus

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27
Q

Type 1 diabetes:
- autoimmune attack—> pancreatic ______ cell destruction—> deficiency of ________ secretion
- usually diagnosed before the age of ____
- patient requires __________ injection

A
  • beta; insulin
  • insulin
  • 30
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28
Q

Type 2 diabetes:
- ______________ __________ to insulin action (decreased sensitivity) & inadequate compensatory response of _________ secretion by the pancreas (progressive loss of beta-cells function)
- usually diagnosed after age ____

A
  • peripheral resistance; insulin
  • 40
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29
Q

______________ ________________: unresponsiveness of the target cells to insulin (Type 2 diabetes is characterized by this state)

A

insulin resistance

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30
Q

Alternate name for pituitary gland= _____________
Lobes of pituitary gland:
1.
2.

A

hypophysis
1. Anterior (adenohypophysis)
2. Posterior (neurohypophysis)

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31
Q

the ______________________ is located blow the thalamus and sits just above the brainstem
- its primary function to maintain homeostasis in the body; links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

32
Q

The __________ connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

33
Q

How are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus transported to the
- neurohypophysis= _________________________
- adenohypophysis= ________________________

A
  • hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
  • hypophysial portal system
34
Q

The primary functions of hypothalamic hormones that travel through the hypophysial portal system are to bind receptors in the __________ pituitary gland affecting the pituitary _________ production and release

A

anterior; hormone

35
Q

In relation to the hypothalamus, the portal system is a specialized network of _____ ________ that connects the hypothalamus and the ________________ pituitary gland

A

blood vessels; anterior

36
Q
  • What is the purpose of releasing hormones: ________________________________
  • What is their abbreviation: ___________
  • Where are they produced: _______________
A
  • stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
  • RH
  • hypothalamus
37
Q
  • What is the function of inhibiting hormones: ______________________________
  • What is their abbreviation: __________
  • Where are they produced: ___________________
A
  • suppress anterior pituitary secretion of hormones
  • IH
  • hypothalamus
38
Q

____________ _______________: act on another endocrine gland/cells and stimulate production of other hormones (most produced by anterior pituitary gland)

A

tropic hormones

39
Q

Hypothalamic hormones full names:
1. CRH = ___________________________
2. TRH = ___________________________
3. GnRH = _________________________
4. GHRH = _________________________
5. SS= _________________________
6. PIH = _______________________

A
  1. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  3. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  4. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  5. somatostatin (IH)
  6. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
40
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones full names:
1. ACTH = _______________________
2. TSH = _______________________
3. LH = ________________________
4. FSH = _______________________
5. GH = ______________________
6. PRL= _____________________

A
  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  3. Luteinizing hormone
  4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  5. Growth hormone
  6. Prolactin
41
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of …. from the anterior pituitary
- ACTH: ________________
- TSH: ___________________
- LH: ___________________
- FSH: __________________
- GH: ___________________

A
  • CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
  • TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
  • GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
  • GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
  • GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
42
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of …. from the anterior pituitary
- GH: __________
- PRL: _________

A
  • SS (somatostatin)
  • Dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
43
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that produce the hormones oxytocin and ADH
1.
2.
- these hormones are transported to the _____________ pituitary for storage through the _________________________________

A
  1. paraventricular nucleus
  2. supraoptic nucleus
    - posterior; hypothalamo-hypophsyeal tract
44
Q

Six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland
1.
2.

A
  1. ACTH
  2. TSH
  3. LH
  4. FSH
  5. GH
  6. PRL
  7. Oxytocin
  8. ADH
45
Q

Identify the organ or tissue targets for the following hormones
- ACTH= ________________
- TSH= _________________
- GH= _________________
- FSH= _______________
- LH= _______________
- PRL= ______________

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • thyroid
  • bone and muscle
  • gonads (testes and ovaries)
  • gonads (testes and ovaries)
  • breast
46
Q

Identify the organ or tissue targets for
- Oxytocin= ______________
- ADH= ___________________

A
  • breast
  • kidney
47
Q
  • Which cells within the thyroid gland are responsible for producing thyroid hormone (TH)? ___________________________ (they form the walls of the follicles in the thyroid gland)
    Two types of thyroid hormones
    1.
    2.
  • Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? _________________
A
  • follicular cells (aka thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes)
    1. T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
    2. T3 (triiodothyronine)
  • parafollicular cells= clear (C) cells
48
Q

______________: proteins that is present in the colloid of the follicles within the thyroid gland; contains tyrosine residues which serves as sites for iodination

A

thyroglobulin (Tg)

49
Q

Circulating TH concentration are regulated via a _______________ _____________ system at the level of the hypothalamus and the pituitary
example: an increase of blood levels of TH will inhibit their own secretion by decreasing the levels of TRH and TSH

A

negative feedback

50
Q

The two main components of T3 and T4 are ________ (comes from the diet) and __________ (comes from thyroglobulin)

A

iodine; tyrosine

50
Q

TH is inactivated by __________ (_____) which is an enzyme that removes iodine from TH

A

deiodinase (D3)

50
Q

The active form of TH= ____ which has been converted from T4 by _____________ (____ and ____) within target cells

A

T3; deiodinase (D1 and D2)

51
Q
  • Iodide from the diet enters the lumen of the thyroid follicles through a _________/_______ ______________
  • Iodine (I2) forms through ______________ of iodide and needs the enzyme __________ for this process
A
  • sodium/iodide symporter
  • oxidation; thyroperoxidase
52
Q

_____________ is also know as colloid, it is a gel-like substance that fills the thyroid follicles

A

hydrocolloid

53
Q

TSH binds to and activates the ________, located on the surface of thyroid follicular cells

TSH stimulates TH secretion through enhancing
- __________ uptake
- ___________ synthesis
- ____________ activity

A

TSHR
- iodide
- thyroglobulin
- thyroperoxidase

54
Q

Following iodide uptake and oxidation, iodine binds _______ __________ on thyroglobulin to form _______
and ______

  • this process is also known as “organification of iodide”
A

tyrosine residues; MIT; DIT

55
Q

Thyroglobulin iodination, results in the formation of MIT (_______________) and DIT (_______________)

A

monoiodotyrosine; diiodotyrosine

56
Q

Combination of…
- MIT and DIT= _______ (triiodothyronine)
- DIT and DIT= ______ (tetraiodothyronine/ thyroxine)

A

T3; T4

57
Q

Functions of the thyroperoxidase enzyme
1.
2.
3

A
  1. iodide oxidation
  2. thyroglobulin iodination
  3. MIT and DIT coupling
58
Q

TH remains anchored to _____ in the follicles where _____ stimulates their secretion

A

Tg; TSH

59
Q
  • When the follicle cells receive TSH, they absorb droplets of Tg by ______________
  • _________ __________ located in lysosomes digest Tg and facilitate the release of TH in follicular cells
A
  • endocytosis (pinocytosis)
  • hydrolytic enzymes
60
Q

_____ is the most abundant form of TH

A

T4 (80%) released in bloodstream

61
Q

TH is HYDROPHOBIC so they bind to transport proteins in blood (mainly the __________________)

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

62
Q

TH _______ basal metabolic rate (BMR) which _________ heat production (calorigenic effect)
- this is because they increase the gene expression of _________ ___________

A

increases; increases; Na+/K+ ATPase

63
Q

TH effect on the heart
- _________ beta receptors
- _________ heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and contractility

this is because they have permissive effect on ______________

A
  • increase
  • increase
    catecholamines
64
Q

TH __________ oxygen consumption and respiration rate through the stimulation of ________ _________
- Oxygenation ensures adequate blood and oxygen supply to meet the increased ____________ demand

A

increases; respiratory centers
- metabolic

65
Q

TH affects virtually every organ system in the body e.g.:
- Reproductive system: affects ___________, ___________, and __________
- Skeletal muscle: increase development of _______ _____ muscle fibers (fast-twitch)
- Brain: needed for the ____________ of the brain/ also affects _______
- Bones: TH act synergistically with GH to __________ bone growth

A
  • fertility, ovulation, menstruation
  • type II
  • maturation; mood
  • stimulate
66
Q

Two main thyroid disorders
1.
2.

A
  1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
  2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
67
Q

Hashimoto’s disease:
- autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland
- the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland
- The most common antibody= __________ (also ___________)

A
  • anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase antibody); anti-Tg (thyroglobulin antibody)
68
Q

Toxic goiter (Graves disease):
- autoimmune disorder
- antibodies mimic the effect of ______ and overstimulate the thyroid

A
  • TSH
69
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism:
- _______ loss
- weight _____
- muscle pain
- ________ intolerance

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
- ___________ and _________
- ________ intolerance

A
  • hair
  • gain
  • cold
  • irritability; anxiety
  • heat
70
Q

In hypothyroidism the levels of…
- TSH= _______
- T4= ________

In hyperthyroidism the levels of….
- TSH= ______
-T4= ______

A
  • high
  • low
  • low
  • high
71
Q

PTH stands for ___________ which are secreted in the _________

  • main role is to regulate blood ________ levels
  • _____________ (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release
A

Parathyroid hormone; parathyroid gland

-calcium
-hypocalcemia

72
Q

PTH raises the calcium level by:
- __________ osteoclast activity in bone
- increases calcium ___________ in kidney tubule
- increases activation of __________ by kidney which increases calcium absorption from food in ____________

A
  • increases
  • reabsorption
  • vitamin D; small intestine
73
Q

After PTH action blood calcium levels are ________

A

increased

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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