Lecture 25 Flashcards
Which system exhibits slow, long lasting results and which one has quick brief results? The nervous system or endocrine system
- endocrine system= slow, long lasting
- nervous system= quick brief results
Chemical transmitters:
- ___________= endocrine system; produced by endocrine glandular cells (GLANDS) and travels through the ____________
- ___________= nervous system; travel short distances to effect muscles and glands; quick brief results
hormones; bloodstream neurotransmitters
Both the endocrine and nervous system serve for internal _____________ and they both use chemical transmitters
communication
Several chemicals function as both NT and H which include…
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ADH
- Some H and NT produce __________ effects on the same organ
- Only certain _________ organs or cell respond to NT or H
identical; target
Endocrine system: made up of all the ________, __________, and ______ that secrete ____________
glands; tissues; cells; hormones
____________: long-distance signals that travel in the blood
hormones
Hormones acts as _________ because they bind receptor molecules in target cells
ligands
- target cell/tissue: possesses _________ to which a specific hormone acts
- the expected outcome upon the binding of a hormone is start __________ and/or synthesize a specific ___________-
- receptors
- dividing; protein
_________: a bodily structure responsible for producing various substances, such as hormones, digestive fluids, sweat, tears, salvia, or milk
gland
- __________ glands: release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body
-__________ glands: secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- exocrine
- endocrine
The pancreas serves as both ____________ and __________ glands
- ________ cells release digestive enzymes into ducts
- pancreatic ______ release hormones into the blood
exocrine; endocrine
- acinar
- islets
scattered throughout the pancreas: endocrine cell clusters called _________ ____ (aka _______ ___ ____________)
pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans
Specific pancreatic cells that are responsible for the production of
- Insulin= _______ cells
- Amylin= _______ cells
- Glucagon= _____ cells
- beta
- beta
- alpha
The hormones that play a role in the homeostasis of glycemia (blood glucose) are
____________,___________, and __________
insulin, amylin, and glucagon
Insulin and glucagon have ___________ effects on peripheral organs to control blood glucose levels
-insulin __________ glucose levels while glucagon tends to __________ circulating glucose levels
antagonistic
- lowers; raise
_________ of blood glucose levels, such as after eating a a meal, initiates the release of insulin from the ____________
increase; pancreas
______________: glycogen synthesis (glucose molecules added to glycogen chains for storage)
glycogenesis
_______________: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
- insulin ___________ glycogenesis in the liver and ____________ gluconeogenesis
- glucagon ___________ glycogenolysis and ____________ gluconeogenesis
- stimulates; inhibits
- stimulates; stimulates
- insulin __________ glucose uptake in adipose tissue and muscle
- increases
Amylin is ______________ secreted with insulin. It helps to ________ spikes in blood glucose by:
- suppressing ___________
- _________ gastric emptying
- _________ glucagon release
simultaneously; lowers
- appetite
- slow
- inhibits
____________ in blood glucose levels, such as between meals, triggers the release of ___________ in the liver
deceased; glucagon
Insulin enables glucose entry into various tissues like muscle and adipose by promoting the movement of ____________ ____________ _____________ to the cell membrane
GLUT 4 glucose transporters
_______________ is responsible for transporting glucose from the bloodstream into cells, particularly muscle and adipose (fat) cells
GLUT-4
___________ __________ is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated glucose levels
diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes:
- autoimmune attack—> pancreatic ______ cell destruction—> deficiency of ________ secretion
- usually diagnosed before the age of ____
- patient requires __________ injection
- beta; insulin
- insulin
- 30
Type 2 diabetes:
- ______________ __________ to insulin action (decreased sensitivity) & inadequate compensatory response of _________ secretion by the pancreas (progressive loss of beta-cells function)
- usually diagnosed after age ____
- peripheral resistance; insulin
- 40
______________ ________________: unresponsiveness of the target cells to insulin (Type 2 diabetes is characterized by this state)
insulin resistance
Alternate name for pituitary gland= _____________
Lobes of pituitary gland:
1.
2.
hypophysis
1. Anterior (adenohypophysis)
2. Posterior (neurohypophysis)
the ______________________ is located blow the thalamus and sits just above the brainstem
- its primary function to maintain homeostasis in the body; links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
The __________ connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
How are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus transported to the
- neurohypophysis= _________________________
- adenohypophysis= ________________________
- hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
- hypophysial portal system
The primary functions of hypothalamic hormones that travel through the hypophysial portal system are to bind receptors in the __________ pituitary gland affecting the pituitary _________ production and release
anterior; hormone
In relation to the hypothalamus, the portal system is a specialized network of _____ ________ that connects the hypothalamus and the ________________ pituitary gland
blood vessels; anterior
- What is the purpose of releasing hormones: ________________________________
- What is their abbreviation: ___________
- Where are they produced: _______________
- stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
- RH
- hypothalamus
- What is the function of inhibiting hormones: ______________________________
- What is their abbreviation: __________
- Where are they produced: ___________________
- suppress anterior pituitary secretion of hormones
- IH
- hypothalamus
____________ _______________: act on another endocrine gland/cells and stimulate production of other hormones (most produced by anterior pituitary gland)
tropic hormones
Hypothalamic hormones full names:
1. CRH = ___________________________
2. TRH = ___________________________
3. GnRH = _________________________
4. GHRH = _________________________
5. SS= _________________________
6. PIH = _______________________
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone
- Growth hormone releasing hormone
- somatostatin (IH)
- Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
Anterior Pituitary hormones full names:
1. ACTH = _______________________
2. TSH = _______________________
3. LH = ________________________
4. FSH = _______________________
5. GH = ______________________
6. PRL= _____________________
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Growth hormone
- Prolactin
Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of …. from the anterior pituitary
- ACTH: ________________
- TSH: ___________________
- LH: ___________________
- FSH: __________________
- GH: ___________________
- CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
- TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
- GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of …. from the anterior pituitary
- GH: __________
- PRL: _________
- SS (somatostatin)
- Dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
Hypothalamic nuclei that produce the hormones oxytocin and ADH
1.
2.
- these hormones are transported to the _____________ pituitary for storage through the _________________________________
- paraventricular nucleus
- supraoptic nucleus
- posterior; hypothalamo-hypophsyeal tract
Six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland
1.
2.
- ACTH
- TSH
- LH
- FSH
- GH
- PRL
- Oxytocin
- ADH
Identify the organ or tissue targets for the following hormones
- ACTH= ________________
- TSH= _________________
- GH= _________________
- FSH= _______________
- LH= _______________
- PRL= ______________
- adrenal cortex
- thyroid
- bone and muscle
- gonads (testes and ovaries)
- gonads (testes and ovaries)
- breast
Identify the organ or tissue targets for
- Oxytocin= ______________
- ADH= ___________________
- breast
- kidney
- Which cells within the thyroid gland are responsible for producing thyroid hormone (TH)? ___________________________ (they form the walls of the follicles in the thyroid gland)
Two types of thyroid hormones
1.
2. - Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? _________________
- follicular cells (aka thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes)
1. T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
2. T3 (triiodothyronine) - parafollicular cells= clear (C) cells
______________: proteins that is present in the colloid of the follicles within the thyroid gland; contains tyrosine residues which serves as sites for iodination
thyroglobulin (Tg)
Circulating TH concentration are regulated via a _______________ _____________ system at the level of the hypothalamus and the pituitary
example: an increase of blood levels of TH will inhibit their own secretion by decreasing the levels of TRH and TSH
negative feedback
The two main components of T3 and T4 are ________ (comes from the diet) and __________ (comes from thyroglobulin)
iodine; tyrosine
TH is inactivated by __________ (_____) which is an enzyme that removes iodine from TH
deiodinase (D3)
The active form of TH= ____ which has been converted from T4 by _____________ (____ and ____) within target cells
T3; deiodinase (D1 and D2)
- Iodide from the diet enters the lumen of the thyroid follicles through a _________/_______ ______________
- Iodine (I2) forms through ______________ of iodide and needs the enzyme __________ for this process
- sodium/iodide symporter
- oxidation; thyroperoxidase
_____________ is also know as colloid, it is a gel-like substance that fills the thyroid follicles
hydrocolloid
TSH binds to and activates the ________, located on the surface of thyroid follicular cells
TSH stimulates TH secretion through enhancing
- __________ uptake
- ___________ synthesis
- ____________ activity
TSHR
- iodide
- thyroglobulin
- thyroperoxidase
Following iodide uptake and oxidation, iodine binds _______ __________ on thyroglobulin to form _______
and ______
- this process is also known as “organification of iodide”
tyrosine residues; MIT; DIT
Thyroglobulin iodination, results in the formation of MIT (_______________) and DIT (_______________)
monoiodotyrosine; diiodotyrosine
Combination of…
- MIT and DIT= _______ (triiodothyronine)
- DIT and DIT= ______ (tetraiodothyronine/ thyroxine)
T3; T4
Functions of the thyroperoxidase enzyme
1.
2.
3
- iodide oxidation
- thyroglobulin iodination
- MIT and DIT coupling
TH remains anchored to _____ in the follicles where _____ stimulates their secretion
Tg; TSH
- When the follicle cells receive TSH, they absorb droplets of Tg by ______________
- _________ __________ located in lysosomes digest Tg and facilitate the release of TH in follicular cells
- endocytosis (pinocytosis)
- hydrolytic enzymes
_____ is the most abundant form of TH
T4 (80%) released in bloodstream
TH is HYDROPHOBIC so they bind to transport proteins in blood (mainly the __________________)
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
TH _______ basal metabolic rate (BMR) which _________ heat production (calorigenic effect)
- this is because they increase the gene expression of _________ ___________
increases; increases; Na+/K+ ATPase
TH effect on the heart
- _________ beta receptors
- _________ heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and contractility
this is because they have permissive effect on ______________
- increase
- increase
catecholamines
TH __________ oxygen consumption and respiration rate through the stimulation of ________ _________
- Oxygenation ensures adequate blood and oxygen supply to meet the increased ____________ demand
increases; respiratory centers
- metabolic
TH affects virtually every organ system in the body e.g.:
- Reproductive system: affects ___________, ___________, and __________
- Skeletal muscle: increase development of _______ _____ muscle fibers (fast-twitch)
- Brain: needed for the ____________ of the brain/ also affects _______
- Bones: TH act synergistically with GH to __________ bone growth
- fertility, ovulation, menstruation
- type II
- maturation; mood
- stimulate
Two main thyroid disorders
1.
2.
- Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
- Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
Hashimoto’s disease:
- autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland
- the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland
- The most common antibody= __________ (also ___________)
- anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase antibody); anti-Tg (thyroglobulin antibody)
Toxic goiter (Graves disease):
- autoimmune disorder
- antibodies mimic the effect of ______ and overstimulate the thyroid
- TSH
Symptoms of hypothyroidism:
- _______ loss
- weight _____
- muscle pain
- ________ intolerance
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
- ___________ and _________
- ________ intolerance
- hair
- gain
- cold
- irritability; anxiety
- heat
In hypothyroidism the levels of…
- TSH= _______
- T4= ________
In hyperthyroidism the levels of….
- TSH= ______
-T4= ______
- high
- low
- low
- high
PTH stands for ___________ which are secreted in the _________
- main role is to regulate blood ________ levels
- _____________ (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release
Parathyroid hormone; parathyroid gland
-calcium
-hypocalcemia
PTH raises the calcium level by:
- __________ osteoclast activity in bone
- increases calcium ___________ in kidney tubule
- increases activation of __________ by kidney which increases calcium absorption from food in ____________
- increases
- reabsorption
- vitamin D; small intestine
After PTH action blood calcium levels are ________
increased
