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BIOL 203 > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Three primary chemical classes of hormones
1.
2.
3.
- __________ and __________ (except _____) are WATER soluble
- ____________ are LIPID soluble

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Peptides
  3. Monoamines
    - Peptides and monoamines (TH)
    - Steroids
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2
Q

Steroid hormones:
- Source= _________ and ________ (also the ___________ produce calcitriol)
- Derivatives of _____________
- Water-insoluble (__________)
- Transported by ________ ____________ through water-based blood stream

A
  • adrenal cortex; gonads; kidneys
  • cholesterol
  • hydrophobic
  • carrier proteins
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3
Q

Steroid hormones:
- Receptor in the ______ or ________ (inside the cell)
- hormones _______ through mb (since they are lipid-soluble)
- _________ effects (activating/inhibiting transcription of specific genes)–> takes _____ to _____ to show up

A
  • cytosol; nucleus
  • diffuse
  • genomic; hrs; days
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4
Q

Peptide hormones:
- chains of ______ _________
- lipophobic & water-soluble (_____________)
- they bind to ____ __________ receptors

A
  • amino acids
  • hydrophilic
  • cell surface
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5
Q
  • ____ & _____ produced by the hypothalamus
    AND
  • most hormones of the _________ ________

both are classified as _____________ hormones

A
  • RH; IH
  • anterior pituitary
    peptide
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6
Q

Monoamine hormones:
- derived from the amino acids ________ or ____________
- they behavior similarly to _________ hormones (except TH)

A
  • tyrosine; tryptophan
  • peptide
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7
Q

Monoamine hormones derived from…
- tyrosine= __________, ____________, and _____________
- tryptophan= ______________

A
  • epinephrine; norepinephrine; TH
  • melatonin
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8
Q

TH is monoamine hormone because it is derived from ________, but they behave similarly to __________ hormones because they are __________ and bind to intracellular receptors

A

tyrosine; steroid; lipid soluble

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9
Q

Examples of Steroid Hormones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Calcitriol
  2. Cortisol
  3. DHEA
  4. Testosterone
  5. Estrogen
  6. Progesterone
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10
Q

Examples of Peptide Hormones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. GnHR
  2. GH
  3. ADH
  4. Insulin
  5. CRH
  6. Oxytocin
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11
Q

Examples of Monoamine Hormones
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Melatonin
  2. Epinephrine
  3. TH
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12
Q
  • Water-soluble hormones are synthesized then stored in ________ ___________ in the cell
  • They DON’NT need transporter proteins since blood is mostly water, so they travel _______
  • They CAN’T cross the membrane because it is made up lipids so they bind to a specific _____ ________ receptor
A
  • secretory vesicles
  • freely
  • cell surface
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13
Q

__________________: a series of events that occur within a cell due to the binding of a signaling molecule (ligand) to a receptor on the cell surface or inside of cell

A

Signal transduction pathway

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14
Q

Two signaling pathways associated with hormones that employ G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
1.
2.

  • receptors are termed GPCRs because they have a ____ __________ attached to them
  • the first messenger= ____________
A
  1. cAMP
  2. DAG-IP3
  • G protein
  • Hormones
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15
Q

G-protein has _____ subunits
- G protein _______ subunit binds either GTP or GDP
depending on if the G protein is active or inactive (no hormone bound)

  • active G protein binds _____
  • inactive G protein binds ___
A

3
- alpha
- GTP
- GDP

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16
Q

In cAMP pathway…

  • Upon ligand binding to receptor and G protein activation, ______ physically replaces GDP bound to the alpha subunit, which ________
A

GTP; dissociates

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17
Q

In cAMP pathway…

GTP-bound alpha subunit activates _________ ________, a membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes _________ of the 2nd messenger ______ from molecules of ATP

A

adenylyl cyclase; synthesis; cAMP

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18
Q

In cAMP pathway…

  • cAMP activates protein __________ (enzymes that attach phosphates to other molecules
  • PK phosphorylates enzymes: _______/_______
  • Altered enzymes activity causes a _______________
A
  • kinases
  • activates/deactivates
  • Cell Response
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19
Q

In DAG-IP3 pathway…
- After hormone binds to GPCR and G protein activation
- The G protein activates _________________ enzyme
- This enzyme splits a membrane phospholipid into 2 fragments: ____ & _______ (2nd messengers)

A
  • phospholipase (PLC)
  • DAG & IP3
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20
Q

DAG stands for _________
IP3 stands for __________

-DAG activates _____
-IP3 increases intracellular _____ ions (in the cytosol)

A

Diacylglycerol
Inositol Triphosphate

  • PK
  • Ca2+
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21
Q

Increased levels of Ca2+ consequences:
- Calcium-dependent cytoplasmic _______ that alter cell __________
- ___________ (protein) can activate PK
- Membrane __________ (opening/closing)

A
  • enzymes; metabolism
  • Calmodulin
  • channels
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22
Q

___________________ (relative quick): smooth ms contraction, protein synthesis, secretion, mitosis, etc.

A

metabolic effects

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23
Q

Three types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
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24
Q

Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients (in blood)

A

humoral stimulus

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25
Q

Hormone release caused by neural input

A

neural stimulus

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26
Q

Hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone)

A

hormonal stimulus

27
Q

Low Ca2+ in blood is a _________ stimulus

A

humoral

28
Q

Action potential in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla is a ____________ stimulus and the response is to secrete EPI/NOREPI

A

neural

29
Q

Hormones from hypothalamus is a _____________ stimulus and the response is the anterior pituitary gland secreted H that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete H

A

hormonal

30
Q

When high levels of thyroid hormones (T4, T3) inhibit the secretion of TSH and TRH the name for this type of hormone regulation is called

A

negative feedback loop (pathway)

31
Q

Negative feedback loop for increased levels of cortisol in blood
- elevated levels of cortisol leads to the __________ of the release of both hypothalamic hormone ______ and pituitary hormone _______

A
  • suppression; CRH; ACTH
32
Q

_________ __________: the receptor for one hormone will NOT bind other hormones. Each hormone has a specific molecular structure that allows it to bind to a particular type of receptor (lock and key)

A

hormone specificity

33
Q

_____________: condition in which all the receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules- adding more hormone CANNOT produce any greater effect once this is reached

A

saturation

34
Q

__________ ____________: refers to the removal or elimination of hormones from the bloodstream effectively reducing their concentration

A

hormone clearance

35
Q
  • ___________________: the rate of hormonal removal
  • ____________: the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from blood
A
  • metabolic clearance rate (MCR)
  • half-life (t1/2)
36
Q

Target cells can adjust their sensitivity to a hormone by changing the number of _____________ for it

A

receptors

37
Q

Target cell expresses limited number of receptors= ________ sensitivity
- This can be changed by _____-___________ the number of receptors= __________ sensitivity therefore leading to a __________ response

A

low
-up-regulating; high; STRONG

38
Q

Target cell expresses an abundance of receptor molecules= _______ sensitivity
- this can be changed by _____-____________ the number of receptors= _____ sensitivity therefore leading to a ____________ response

A

high
- down-regulating; low; diminished

39
Q

_____________ effects: when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone

A

antagonistic

40
Q

_____________ effects: one hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effects

A

permissive

41
Q

__________ (__________) effects: two or more hormones produce the same effect in a target cell and their result together are amplified

A

additive (synergistic)

42
Q

What type of hormonal interaction characterizes the relationship between insulin and glucagon at the level of liver cells?

A

antagonistic

43
Q

In the absence of TH, epinephrine has a weak affect since TH increases the expression of beta-receptors. What type of hormonal interaction is this?

A

permissive

44
Q

Both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose to the blood. When they act together, the amount of glucose realized is about 150% of what is released when each hormone acts alone. What type of hormonal interaction is this?

A

additive (synergistic)

45
Q

Four types of cell signaling (or cell communication mechanisms)
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Paracrine
  2. Autocrine
  3. Endocrine
  4. Direct
46
Q

__________ signals diffuse only to nearby cells in the same tissue or organ
- extracellular signaling molecule

A

paracrine

47
Q

_________ signaling: involves the release of hormones in the bloodstream to reach target cells

A

endocrine

48
Q

________ signals stimulate the same cell that secretes them

A

autocrine

49
Q

_________ signaling signal through gap junctions

A

direct

50
Q

___________: signaling molecules made by oxidation of fatty acids (arachidonic acid)

A

eicosanoids

51
Q

Two major eicosanoids
1. _____________: synthesized from arachidonic acid through actions of enzymes COX
2. ____________: synthesized from arachidonic acid through actions of enzymes LOX

A
  1. Prostanoids
  2. Leukotrienes
52
Q

Arachidonic acid is released from the plasma membrane through enzymatic action of ________________ ____. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids releasing arachidonic acid as free fatty acids

A

phospholipase A2

53
Q
  • COX=_____________ and it produces _________ from arachidonic acid
  • LOX=______________ and it produces __________ from arachidonic acid
A
  • cyclooxygenase; prostanoids
  • lipoxygenases; leukotrienes
54
Q

Three types of prostanoids
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
  2. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
  3. Thromboxane (TXA2)
55
Q

In the lungs and airways what do leukotrienes do?

A
  • bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways in the lungs)
  • mucus secretion
56
Q

In the GI mucosa…
- Isoenzyme of COX produced is _________ which generates _________ (______________)

The function of this prostanoid is ________ protection:
- increase ________ secretion
- increase ______________
- increase mucosal _______ flow

A
  • COX-1; PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)

Gastric
- mucus
- bicarbonate
- blood

57
Q

Two types of prostanoids produces in the kidneys
1.
2.

Functions they serve
- _________ glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- increase ______ and _____ excretion

A
  1. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
  2. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
  • increase
  • Na and water
58
Q

In the cardiovascular system…
- COX isoenzyme found in the walls of blood vessels= _________ which generates _________

A
  • COX-2; PGI2 (prostacycllin)
59
Q

___________: aka thrombocytes, are small disc shaped cell fragments found in the blood. they play a crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing

  • The COX enzyme that they express is _______
A
  • platelets
  • COX-1
60
Q

In the vascular system PGI2 (__________) plays a role in
- _____________
- _____________

A

prostacyclin
- vasodilation
- inhibiting platelet aggregation

61
Q

Which COX isoenzyme produces TXA2 (___________) in the platelets?

A

COX-1; thromboxane

62
Q

Two functions of TXA2 in the cardiovascular system
- __________________
- ___________________

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • stimulate platelet aggregation (clot formation)
63
Q

PGI2 and TXA2 have ________ effects in the blood vessels and platelets

  • (____ vs ______) and (________ vs _________)
  • their __________ is required for normal vascular homeostasis
A

opposite

  • (vd vs. vc) and (inhibit vs. promote platelet aggregation)
  • BALANCE

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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