Lecture 21 Flashcards
A motor NS that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle= ___________________
- Has 2 divisions=_________ and _________-
Visceral Motor System
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
ANS= its name means “_____________” which means almost fully ____________ of our will
(manage of __________ processes)
self-governed; independent; involuntary
Parasympathetic NS=
Sympathetic NS=
- relaxation and digest response and Homeostasis (Autonomic balance)
- Fight or Flight Response
and Stress response
Visceral reflexes: ________,________,_________ responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes)
initiated in ________
unconscious; automatic; stereotyped; VISCERA
4 components of a visceral reflex arc
1. __
2. ___
3. ____
4. ____
5. _____
- Receptors in viscera
- Afferent (sensory) neuron
- Integrating center & interneurons in the CNS
- Efferent (motor) neurons
- Visceral effector (carries out the end response)
Types of stimuli detected by receptors in viscera
stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temperature, and other internal stimuli
autonomic ganglion= where information in the form of action potentials, originating from the _______ is transmitted to the ______
- this is where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the ____________ neuron
CNS; PNS
postganglionic
The preganglionic fiber originates in the ____________ in the spinal cord or _________ in the brainstem
lateral horn neuron; cranial nucleus neuron
Both divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) mostly innervate the _______________, but they cause ________ effects
same visceral organs; opposite
Balance of both sympathetic and parasympathetic keeps a background rate of activity called _____________
autonomic tone
___________ division works to converse body energy
___________ division is active during exertion, stress, or emergency
parasympathetic
sympathetic
The paraveterbral ganglia belongs to the ____________ division and it is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie _________ to both sides of the vertebral column from the __________ to the __________ level
sympathetic; adjacent; cervical; coccygeal
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system arise from the ________ and _______ regions of the spinal cord; their fibers exit by way of _____________ to the nearby sympathetic chain ganglia
thoracic and lumbar; spinal nerves
parasympathetic nervous system fibers are exclusively present at the ________ region, specifically ________ _______
sacral; spinal nerves
thoracolumbar division= ______________ division
craniosacral division= ______________ division
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Cranial reflexes involving cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X are apart of the ______________ division
- preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are located in _________ ________ within the brainstem
parasympathetic
cranial nuclei
Sympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons
Parasympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons
- short
- long
- long
- short
- In the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) the ganglia is close to ______
- In the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) the ganglia is in or close to ________ _________ served
- CNS
- visceral organ
In both divisions of the ANS, preganglionic fibers consistently release the neurotransmitter _________________
Postganglionic fibers in SNS mostly release the neurotransmitter __________
Postganglionic fibers in the PSNS mostly release the neurotransmitter ___________
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
neural divergence:
1 neuron synapses on many neurons
Sympathetic division: _____________- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons
- When 1 preganglionic neuron fires, it can excite multiple postganglionic fibers leading to different target organs= __________ _______
extensive; widespread effect
Parasympathetic division:
some demonstrate neural divergence, but occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches the target organ- __________ in its stimulation of target organ
selective
Three primary distinctions between Somatic Nervous System and ANS concerning the output pathway:
- Somatic Nervous System= ______ motor neurons
ANS= _____ efferent neurons - ANS includes __________ connecting pre- and postganglionic neurons unlike the somatic nervous system
- Somatic NS targets _______________
ANS releases _________ diffusely into the tissue and stimulate many cells __________________
(1) 1; 2
(2) ganglion
(3) specific cells; neurotransmitters; simultaneously
Three pathways that sympathetic fibers can take after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia
1.
2.
3.
- Spinal nerve route
- Sympathetic nerve route
- Splanchnic nerve route