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BIOL 203 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

A motor NS that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle= ___________________

  • Has 2 divisions=_________ and _________-
A

Visceral Motor System
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic

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2
Q

ANS= its name means “_____________” which means almost fully ____________ of our will
(manage of __________ processes)

A

self-governed; independent; involuntary

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3
Q

Parasympathetic NS=
Sympathetic NS=

A
  • relaxation and digest response and Homeostasis (Autonomic balance)
  • Fight or Flight Response
    and Stress response
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4
Q

Visceral reflexes: ________,________,_________ responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes)
initiated in ________

A

unconscious; automatic; stereotyped; VISCERA

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5
Q

4 components of a visceral reflex arc
1. __
2. ___
3. ____
4. ____
5. _____

A
  1. Receptors in viscera
  2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
  3. Integrating center & interneurons in the CNS
  4. Efferent (motor) neurons
  5. Visceral effector (carries out the end response)
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6
Q

Types of stimuli detected by receptors in viscera

A

stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temperature, and other internal stimuli

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7
Q

autonomic ganglion= where information in the form of action potentials, originating from the _______ is transmitted to the ______
- this is where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the ____________ neuron

A

CNS; PNS
postganglionic

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8
Q

The preganglionic fiber originates in the ____________ in the spinal cord or _________ in the brainstem

A

lateral horn neuron; cranial nucleus neuron

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9
Q

Both divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) mostly innervate the _______________, but they cause ________ effects

A

same visceral organs; opposite

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10
Q

Balance of both sympathetic and parasympathetic keeps a background rate of activity called _____________

A

autonomic tone

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11
Q

___________ division works to converse body energy
___________ division is active during exertion, stress, or emergency

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic

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12
Q

The paraveterbral ganglia belongs to the ____________ division and it is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie _________ to both sides of the vertebral column from the __________ to the __________ level

A

sympathetic; adjacent; cervical; coccygeal

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13
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system arise from the ________ and _______ regions of the spinal cord; their fibers exit by way of _____________ to the nearby sympathetic chain ganglia

A

thoracic and lumbar; spinal nerves

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system fibers are exclusively present at the ________ region, specifically ________ _______

A

sacral; spinal nerves

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15
Q

thoracolumbar division= ______________ division

craniosacral division= ______________ division

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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16
Q

Cranial reflexes involving cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X are apart of the ______________ division

  • preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are located in _________ ________ within the brainstem
A

parasympathetic
cranial nuclei

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17
Q

Sympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons

Parasympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons

A
  • short
  • long
  • long
  • short
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18
Q
  • In the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) the ganglia is close to ______
  • In the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) the ganglia is in or close to ________ _________ served
A
  • CNS
  • visceral organ
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19
Q

In both divisions of the ANS, preganglionic fibers consistently release the neurotransmitter _________________

Postganglionic fibers in SNS mostly release the neurotransmitter __________

Postganglionic fibers in the PSNS mostly release the neurotransmitter ___________

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine

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20
Q

neural divergence:

A

1 neuron synapses on many neurons

21
Q

Sympathetic division: _____________- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons

  • When 1 preganglionic neuron fires, it can excite multiple postganglionic fibers leading to different target organs= __________ _______
A

extensive; widespread effect

22
Q

Parasympathetic division:
some demonstrate neural divergence, but occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches the target organ- __________ in its stimulation of target organ

A

selective

23
Q

Three primary distinctions between Somatic Nervous System and ANS concerning the output pathway:

  1. Somatic Nervous System= ______ motor neurons
    ANS= _____ efferent neurons
  2. ANS includes __________ connecting pre- and postganglionic neurons unlike the somatic nervous system
  3. Somatic NS targets _______________
    ANS releases _________ diffusely into the tissue and stimulate many cells __________________
A

(1) 1; 2
(2) ganglion
(3) specific cells; neurotransmitters; simultaneously

24
Q

Three pathways that sympathetic fibers can take after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Spinal nerve route
  2. Sympathetic nerve route
  3. Splanchnic nerve route
25
Q

Spinal nerve route:
synapse in trunk of ganglion at the ________ level
- preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately with ______________ neuron that return to the spinal nerve via the _________________ at that level

A

SAME
postganglionic; gray ramus communicans

26
Q

Sympathetic nerve route:
synapse in trunk ganglion at a _________ or _________ level
- the preganglionic axon travels up or down the sympathetic trunk

A

higher; lower

27
Q

White ramus communicans=

Gray ramus communicans=

A

preganglionic axons (most myelinated)

postganglionic axons (unmyelinated)

28
Q

Splanchnic nere route:
pass through sympathetic trunk to synapse in a __________ _________ (AKA ___________________)
- preganglionic fibers continue as _________ _______ beyond the sympathetic trunk ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)

A

collateral ganglion (prevertebral ganglion)
- splanchnic nerve

29
Q

Three primary collateral ganglia
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Celiac ganglia
  2. Superior mesenteric ganglion
  3. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
30
Q

Organs connected to the collateral ganglia are situated within the _________ _________

A

abdominal cavity

31
Q

________ _________: a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla

A

sympathoadrenal system

32
Q
  • The adrenal medulla is considered a _________ _______
  • It consists of postganglionic neurons without __________ or ______
A
  • sympathetic ganglion
  • dendrites; axons
33
Q

Two types of sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors:
1.
2.

  • they bind ______ and ______ neurotransmitters
A
  1. Alpha receptors
  2. Beta receptors
    - norepinephrine; epinephrine
34
Q

Two types of cholinergic receptors:
1.
2.

  • they bind _________ neurotransmitter
A
  1. Nicotinic receptors
  2. Muscarinic receptors
  • acetylcholine
35
Q

Two types of nicotinic receptors:
1. ________ where are they found?
2. _______ where are they found?

A
  1. Nm: Neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle fibers) CONTRACTION
  2. Nn: All peripheral ANS ganglia (in postganglionic neurons)
36
Q

Two types of muscarinic receptors:
1.
2.

A
  1. M2 receptors (located on heart)
  2. M3 receptors (located on rest of organs)–> responsible for the parasympathetic response in the effector organs
37
Q

5 effects associated with the activation alpha type 1 receptors
1. ___________
2. __________: dilation of pupil
3. __________: leading to urinary retention
4. _____________
5. the inhibition of _______ release

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. mydriasis
  3. urinary sphincter contraction
  4. glycogenolysis
  5. renin
38
Q

In general the activation of alpha 1 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs

A

contraction

39
Q

Beta type 1 receptors are primarily located in the _________ where they mediate the ___________ response by _________ heart rate, contractility, and AV conduction

A

HEART
sympathetic
increasing

40
Q

Beta 1 receptors _________ the release of renin which ________ blood pressure

A

stimulates; increases

41
Q

In general the activation of beta 2 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs

A

relaxation

42
Q

Effects of beta 2 receptor stimulation on
- bronchioles: ___________
- vascular system: __________
- GI tract: ___________

A
  • bronchodilation
  • vasodilation
  • decrease GI motility
43
Q

Two main locations of beta 3 receptors and what do they do
1. __________:
2. __________:

A
  1. adipose tissue: increase lipolysis
  2. Detrusor muscle in bladder: relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)
44
Q

one receptor subtype from each system tends to __________ in a tissue

A

dominate

45
Q

Main types of adrenergic receptors in
- cardiac myocytes=
- smooth muscle of airways=
- smooth muscle lining blood vessels=

A
  • beta 1
  • beta 2
  • alpha 1
46
Q

Three organs or structures that do NOT have dual innervation by both PSNS and SNS
These SNS supplies these…
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Arrector pili muscles
  3. Smooth muscles of blood vessels
47
Q

In thermoregulatory sweating…
________ neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons which binds to _______ receptors

A

acetylcholine; muscarinic

48
Q

In blood vessels…
the ___________ system is responsible for vasomotor tone which the _______ receptors play a role in this process

A

sympathetic; alpha 1

49
Q

under physiological conditions, the smooth muscles arterioles remain partially __________ to maintain tone

A

contracted

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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