Lecture 21 Flashcards
A motor NS that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle= ___________________
- Has 2 divisions=_________ and _________-
Visceral Motor System
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
ANS= its name means “_____________” which means almost fully ____________ of our will
(manage of __________ processes)
self-governed; independent; involuntary
Parasympathetic NS=
Sympathetic NS=
- relaxation and digest response and Homeostasis (Autonomic balance)
- Fight or Flight Response
and Stress response
Visceral reflexes: ________,________,_________ responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes)
initiated in ________
unconscious; automatic; stereotyped; VISCERA
4 components of a visceral reflex arc
1. __
2. ___
3. ____
4. ____
5. _____
- Receptors in viscera
- Afferent (sensory) neuron
- Integrating center & interneurons in the CNS
- Efferent (motor) neurons
- Visceral effector (carries out the end response)
Types of stimuli detected by receptors in viscera
stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temperature, and other internal stimuli
autonomic ganglion= where information in the form of action potentials, originating from the _______ is transmitted to the ______
- this is where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the ____________ neuron
CNS; PNS
postganglionic
The preganglionic fiber originates in the ____________ in the spinal cord or _________ in the brainstem
lateral horn neuron; cranial nucleus neuron
Both divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) mostly innervate the _______________, but they cause ________ effects
same visceral organs; opposite
Balance of both sympathetic and parasympathetic keeps a background rate of activity called _____________
autonomic tone
___________ division works to converse body energy
___________ division is active during exertion, stress, or emergency
parasympathetic
sympathetic
The paraveterbral ganglia belongs to the ____________ division and it is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie _________ to both sides of the vertebral column from the __________ to the __________ level
sympathetic; adjacent; cervical; coccygeal
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system arise from the ________ and _______ regions of the spinal cord; their fibers exit by way of _____________ to the nearby sympathetic chain ganglia
thoracic and lumbar; spinal nerves
parasympathetic nervous system fibers are exclusively present at the ________ region, specifically ________ _______
sacral; spinal nerves
thoracolumbar division= ______________ division
craniosacral division= ______________ division
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Cranial reflexes involving cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X are apart of the ______________ division
- preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are located in _________ ________ within the brainstem
parasympathetic
cranial nuclei
Sympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons
Parasympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons
- short
- long
- long
- short
- In the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) the ganglia is close to ______
- In the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) the ganglia is in or close to ________ _________ served
- CNS
- visceral organ
In both divisions of the ANS, preganglionic fibers consistently release the neurotransmitter _________________
Postganglionic fibers in SNS mostly release the neurotransmitter __________
Postganglionic fibers in the PSNS mostly release the neurotransmitter ___________
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
neural divergence:
1 neuron synapses on many neurons
Sympathetic division: _____________- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons
- When 1 preganglionic neuron fires, it can excite multiple postganglionic fibers leading to different target organs= __________ _______
extensive; widespread effect
Parasympathetic division:
some demonstrate neural divergence, but occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches the target organ- __________ in its stimulation of target organ
selective
Three primary distinctions between Somatic Nervous System and ANS concerning the output pathway:
- Somatic Nervous System= ______ motor neurons
ANS= _____ efferent neurons - ANS includes __________ connecting pre- and postganglionic neurons unlike the somatic nervous system
- Somatic NS targets _______________
ANS releases _________ diffusely into the tissue and stimulate many cells __________________
(1) 1; 2
(2) ganglion
(3) specific cells; neurotransmitters; simultaneously
Three pathways that sympathetic fibers can take after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia
1.
2.
3.
- Spinal nerve route
- Sympathetic nerve route
- Splanchnic nerve route
Spinal nerve route:
synapse in trunk of ganglion at the ________ level
- preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately with ______________ neuron that return to the spinal nerve via the _________________ at that level
SAME
postganglionic; gray ramus communicans
Sympathetic nerve route:
synapse in trunk ganglion at a _________ or _________ level
- the preganglionic axon travels up or down the sympathetic trunk
higher; lower
White ramus communicans=
Gray ramus communicans=
preganglionic axons (most myelinated)
postganglionic axons (unmyelinated)
Splanchnic nere route:
pass through sympathetic trunk to synapse in a __________ _________ (AKA ___________________)
- preganglionic fibers continue as _________ _______ beyond the sympathetic trunk ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
collateral ganglion (prevertebral ganglion)
- splanchnic nerve
Three primary collateral ganglia
1.
2.
3.
- Celiac ganglia
- Superior mesenteric ganglion
- Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Organs connected to the collateral ganglia are situated within the _________ _________
abdominal cavity
________ _________: a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
sympathoadrenal system
- The adrenal medulla is considered a _________ _______
- It consists of postganglionic neurons without __________ or ______
- sympathetic ganglion
- dendrites; axons
Two types of sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors:
1.
2.
- they bind ______ and ______ neurotransmitters
- Alpha receptors
- Beta receptors
- norepinephrine; epinephrine
Two types of cholinergic receptors:
1.
2.
- they bind _________ neurotransmitter
- Nicotinic receptors
- Muscarinic receptors
- acetylcholine
Two types of nicotinic receptors:
1. ________ where are they found?
2. _______ where are they found?
- Nm: Neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle fibers) CONTRACTION
- Nn: All peripheral ANS ganglia (in postganglionic neurons)
Two types of muscarinic receptors:
1.
2.
- M2 receptors (located on heart)
- M3 receptors (located on rest of organs)–> responsible for the parasympathetic response in the effector organs
5 effects associated with the activation alpha type 1 receptors
1. ___________
2. __________: dilation of pupil
3. __________: leading to urinary retention
4. _____________
5. the inhibition of _______ release
- vasoconstriction
- mydriasis
- urinary sphincter contraction
- glycogenolysis
- renin
In general the activation of alpha 1 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs
contraction
Beta type 1 receptors are primarily located in the _________ where they mediate the ___________ response by _________ heart rate, contractility, and AV conduction
HEART
sympathetic
increasing
Beta 1 receptors _________ the release of renin which ________ blood pressure
stimulates; increases
In general the activation of beta 2 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs
relaxation
Effects of beta 2 receptor stimulation on
- bronchioles: ___________
- vascular system: __________
- GI tract: ___________
- bronchodilation
- vasodilation
- decrease GI motility
Two main locations of beta 3 receptors and what do they do
1. __________:
2. __________:
- adipose tissue: increase lipolysis
- Detrusor muscle in bladder: relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)
one receptor subtype from each system tends to __________ in a tissue
dominate
Main types of adrenergic receptors in
- cardiac myocytes=
- smooth muscle of airways=
- smooth muscle lining blood vessels=
- beta 1
- beta 2
- alpha 1
Three organs or structures that do NOT have dual innervation by both PSNS and SNS
These SNS supplies these…
1.
2.
3.
- Sweat glands
- Arrector pili muscles
- Smooth muscles of blood vessels
In thermoregulatory sweating…
________ neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons which binds to _______ receptors
acetylcholine; muscarinic
In blood vessels…
the ___________ system is responsible for vasomotor tone which the _______ receptors play a role in this process
sympathetic; alpha 1
under physiological conditions, the smooth muscles arterioles remain partially __________ to maintain tone
contracted
