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BIOL 203 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

A motor NS that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle= ___________________

  • Has 2 divisions=_________ and _________-
A

Visceral Motor System
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic

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2
Q

ANS= its name means “_____________” which means almost fully ____________ of our will
(manage of __________ processes)

A

self-governed; independent; involuntary

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3
Q

Parasympathetic NS=
Sympathetic NS=

A
  • relaxation and digest response and Homeostasis (Autonomic balance)
  • Fight or Flight Response
    and Stress response
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4
Q

Visceral reflexes: ________,________,_________ responses to stimulation (similar to somatic reflexes)
initiated in ________

A

unconscious; automatic; stereotyped; VISCERA

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5
Q

4 components of a visceral reflex arc
1. __
2. ___
3. ____
4. ____
5. _____

A
  1. Receptors in viscera
  2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
  3. Integrating center & interneurons in the CNS
  4. Efferent (motor) neurons
  5. Visceral effector (carries out the end response)
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6
Q

Types of stimuli detected by receptors in viscera

A

stretch, tissue damage, blood chemistry, body temperature, and other internal stimuli

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7
Q

autonomic ganglion= where information in the form of action potentials, originating from the _______ is transmitted to the ______
- this is where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the ____________ neuron

A

CNS; PNS
postganglionic

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8
Q

The preganglionic fiber originates in the ____________ in the spinal cord or _________ in the brainstem

A

lateral horn neuron; cranial nucleus neuron

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9
Q

Both divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) mostly innervate the _______________, but they cause ________ effects

A

same visceral organs; opposite

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10
Q

Balance of both sympathetic and parasympathetic keeps a background rate of activity called _____________

A

autonomic tone

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11
Q

___________ division works to converse body energy
___________ division is active during exertion, stress, or emergency

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic

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12
Q

The paraveterbral ganglia belongs to the ____________ division and it is a longitudinal series of ganglia that lie _________ to both sides of the vertebral column from the __________ to the __________ level

A

sympathetic; adjacent; cervical; coccygeal

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13
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system arise from the ________ and _______ regions of the spinal cord; their fibers exit by way of _____________ to the nearby sympathetic chain ganglia

A

thoracic and lumbar; spinal nerves

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14
Q

parasympathetic nervous system fibers are exclusively present at the ________ region, specifically ________ _______

A

sacral; spinal nerves

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15
Q

thoracolumbar division= ______________ division

craniosacral division= ______________ division

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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16
Q

Cranial reflexes involving cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X are apart of the ______________ division

  • preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are located in _________ ________ within the brainstem
A

parasympathetic
cranial nuclei

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17
Q

Sympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons

Parasympathetic:
- _______ preganglionic axons
- _______ postganglionic axons

A
  • short
  • long
  • long
  • short
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18
Q
  • In the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) the ganglia is close to ______
  • In the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) the ganglia is in or close to ________ _________ served
A
  • CNS
  • visceral organ
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19
Q

In both divisions of the ANS, preganglionic fibers consistently release the neurotransmitter _________________

Postganglionic fibers in SNS mostly release the neurotransmitter __________

Postganglionic fibers in the PSNS mostly release the neurotransmitter ___________

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine

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20
Q

neural divergence:

A

1 neuron synapses on many neurons

21
Q

Sympathetic division: _____________- each preganglionic fiber branches out to multiple postganglionic neurons

  • When 1 preganglionic neuron fires, it can excite multiple postganglionic fibers leading to different target organs= __________ _______
A

extensive; widespread effect

22
Q

Parasympathetic division:
some demonstrate neural divergence, but occurs after preganglionic fiber reaches the target organ- __________ in its stimulation of target organ

23
Q

Three primary distinctions between Somatic Nervous System and ANS concerning the output pathway:

  1. Somatic Nervous System= ______ motor neurons
    ANS= _____ efferent neurons
  2. ANS includes __________ connecting pre- and postganglionic neurons unlike the somatic nervous system
  3. Somatic NS targets _______________
    ANS releases _________ diffusely into the tissue and stimulate many cells __________________
A

(1) 1; 2
(2) ganglion
(3) specific cells; neurotransmitters; simultaneously

24
Q

Three pathways that sympathetic fibers can take after entering the sympathetic chain ganglia

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Spinal nerve route
  2. Sympathetic nerve route
  3. Splanchnic nerve route
25
Spinal nerve route: synapse in trunk of ganglion at the ________ level - preganglionic fibers end in the ganglion they enter and synapse immediately with ______________ neuron that return to the spinal nerve via the _________________ at that level
SAME postganglionic; gray ramus communicans
26
Sympathetic nerve route: synapse in trunk ganglion at a _________ or _________ level - the preganglionic axon travels up or down the sympathetic trunk
higher; lower
27
White ramus communicans= Gray ramus communicans=
preganglionic axons (most myelinated) postganglionic axons (unmyelinated)
28
Splanchnic nere route: pass through sympathetic trunk to synapse in a __________ _________ (AKA ___________________) - preganglionic fibers continue as _________ _______ beyond the sympathetic trunk ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
collateral ganglion (prevertebral ganglion) - splanchnic nerve
29
Three primary collateral ganglia 1. 2. 3.
1. Celiac ganglia 2. Superior mesenteric ganglion 3. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
30
Organs connected to the collateral ganglia are situated within the _________ _________
abdominal cavity
31
________ _________: a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
sympathoadrenal system
32
- The adrenal medulla is considered a _________ _______ - It consists of postganglionic neurons without __________ or ______
- sympathetic ganglion - dendrites; axons
33
Two types of sympathetic (adrenergic) receptors: 1. 2. - they bind ______ and ______ neurotransmitters
1. Alpha receptors 2. Beta receptors - norepinephrine; epinephrine
34
Two types of cholinergic receptors: 1. 2. - they bind _________ neurotransmitter
1. Nicotinic receptors 2. Muscarinic receptors - acetylcholine
35
Two types of nicotinic receptors: 1. ________ where are they found? 2. _______ where are they found?
1. Nm: Neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle fibers) CONTRACTION 2. Nn: All peripheral ANS ganglia (in postganglionic neurons)
36
Two types of muscarinic receptors: 1. 2.
1. M2 receptors (located on heart) 2. M3 receptors (located on rest of organs)--> responsible for the parasympathetic response in the effector organs
37
5 effects associated with the activation alpha type 1 receptors 1. ___________ 2. __________: dilation of pupil 3. __________: leading to urinary retention 4. _____________ 5. the inhibition of _______ release
1. vasoconstriction 2. mydriasis 3. urinary sphincter contraction 4. glycogenolysis 5. renin
38
In general the activation of alpha 1 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs
contraction
39
Beta type 1 receptors are primarily located in the _________ where they mediate the ___________ response by _________ heart rate, contractility, and AV conduction
HEART sympathetic increasing
40
Beta 1 receptors _________ the release of renin which ________ blood pressure
stimulates; increases
41
In general the activation of beta 2 receptors result in the ____________ of smooth muscle in different organs
relaxation
42
Effects of beta 2 receptor stimulation on - bronchioles: ___________ - vascular system: __________ - GI tract: ___________
- bronchodilation - vasodilation - decrease GI motility
43
Two main locations of beta 3 receptors and what do they do 1. __________: 2. __________:
1. adipose tissue: increase lipolysis 2. Detrusor muscle in bladder: relaxation of bladder (prevention of urination)
44
one receptor subtype from each system tends to __________ in a tissue
dominate
45
Main types of adrenergic receptors in - cardiac myocytes= - smooth muscle of airways= - smooth muscle lining blood vessels=
- beta 1 - beta 2 - alpha 1
46
Three organs or structures that do NOT have dual innervation by both PSNS and SNS These SNS supplies these... 1. 2. 3.
1. Sweat glands 2. Arrector pili muscles 3. Smooth muscles of blood vessels
47
In thermoregulatory sweating... ________ neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons which binds to _______ receptors
acetylcholine; muscarinic
48
In blood vessels... the ___________ system is responsible for vasomotor tone which the _______ receptors play a role in this process
sympathetic; alpha 1
49
under physiological conditions, the smooth muscles arterioles remain partially __________ to maintain tone
contracted

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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