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BIOL 203 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter and White matter in the brain
- gray matter= ______ and cerebral ______; ___% of the brain
- white matter= _______ and ________; ___% of the brain

A
  • cortex; cerebral nuclei; 40%
  • inside; corpus callosum; 60%
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2
Q

gray matter= ________ and ________
white mater= bundles of ______

A

cell bodies and dendrites
axons in the form of tracts

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3
Q

corpus callosum

A

wide and thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect left and right hemispheres

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4
Q

Meninges:

A

3 protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Sequence of meninges from cranium to cerebral cortex

A
  • periosteal dura mater
  • meningeal dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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6
Q

__________ is between periosteal dura mater and meningeal dura mater

A

superior sagittal sinus

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7
Q

_________ is between meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

subdural space

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8
Q

_________ is between arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

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9
Q

CSF=
-____________ is the space between the meninges in which it is filled with CSF and all cerebral _______ and _______ are located here

A

cerebrospinal fluid
- subarachnoid space
- arteries; veins

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10
Q

Ventricles:

A

interconnected cavities inside the brain (4) filled with the CSF

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11
Q

4 ventricles of the brain
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

1./2. Lateral ventricle
2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle

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12
Q

Choroid plexus
- produces ______ (from blood plasma)
- located in each _______

A
  • CSF
  • ventricle
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13
Q

Choroid plexus= spongy mass of _______ ________ on the floor or wall of each ventricle
-from these capillaries the __________ cells filtrate blood to produce ____

A

blood capillaries
- ependymal; CSF

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14
Q

CSF flows through the brain in the following order
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. Foramen of monro (inter ventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius)
  5. Fourth ventricle
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15
Q

Dural (venous) sinuses

A

collecting pools of blood which drain venous blood circulating from the cranial cavity
-example= superior sagittal sinus

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16
Q

Arachnoid granulations
- cluster of arachnoid ________ invaginated into the dural sinuses through which ______ enters the venous system (to reach superior sagittal sinus)

A
  • membrane; CSF
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17
Q

the BBB
- stands for the ______ _______ _______
- it regulates what substances can get from the ___________ into the brain’s ________ _________ (selectively permeable)

A
  • Blood Brain Barrier
  • bloodstream; extracellular fluid
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18
Q

There are places called ________ ______ (CVOs) in the ____ and _____ ventricles where the BBB is ABSENT, and the blood has direct access to brain neurons

A

circumventricular organs; 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

Three cellular components of the BBB

A
  1. Endothelial cells (lines interior surface of blood vessel)
  2. Pericyte (perivascular cells that wrap around blood capillaries
  3. Astrocyte (their end-feet)
20
Q

Fenestrated=
- Blood-CSF Barrier endothelial cells are _______
- BBB endothelial cells are ______________

A

large pores
- fenestrated
- NON-fenestrated

21
Q

The Blood-CSF Barrier is found in the ________ ______
- _______ and _______ cells form the blood-CSF-barrier
- ________ _______ between the ependymal cells in order to seal gaps in between adjacent cells to prevent the ______ movement of substances

A

Choroid plexus
-ependymal; endothelial
- tight junctions; free

22
Q

The Brainstem includes..
function:

A
  • the midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata

regulating basic life-sustaining functions

23
Q

Structures of the midbrain:
-_________ __________ is formed by 4 colliculi (___ superior and ___ inferior)
- located on the tectum on the _______ side of the midbrain

A
  • corpora quadrigemina; 2 and 2
  • dorsal
24
Q

Reflexes that the corpora quadrigemina are involved in:
- 2 superior colliculi=
- 2 inferior colliculi=

A
  • visual reflex center
  • auditory reflex center
25
Q

Structures of the midbrain:
-________ ________: located on the VENTRAL (ANTERIOR) side of the midbrain
- the __________ tracts are in here

A
  • cerebral peduncles
  • corticospinal (motor descending pyramidal)
26
Q

What is the tectum and where is it located?

A

word for roof and located above cerebral aqueduct in midbrain (dorsal)

27
Q

Four main parts of the midbrain:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. tectum
  2. tegmentum
  3. substantia nigra
  4. crus cerebri
28
Q

what is the red nucleus and where is it located?

A
  • subcortical motor centers
  • tegmentum
29
Q

The ________ ______ consist of melanin-containing neurons that produces ________
- involved in ____ control
- located on ________ sides of crus cerebra

A

substantia nigra; dopamine
- motor
- posterior (dorsal)

30
Q

the ______ ______ contains corticospinal (motor) tracts

A

crus cerebri

31
Q

The _________ extends through the brainstem, _______ to the ventricular space. It contains the reticular formation, _____ nerves, ______, and tracts

A

tegmentum; anterior; cranial; nuclei

32
Q

The medulla oblongata is located between the ______ and ______ ______

A

pons; spinal cord

33
Q

________ ___________ ________ (______________): form the ventral face of the medulla oblongata (cross through the pyramid of the medulla

A

descending corticospinal tracts (pyramidal tract)

34
Q

Decussation of the pyramids

A

here the fibers from the corticospinal tract cross over before entering the spinal cord

35
Q

Visceral nuclei of the medulla control….

A

respiratory rate
heart rate & blood pressure
coughing
vomiting

36
Q

________ cooperates with the medullary respiratory centers to control __________ rate and _____

A

pons; respiratory; depth

37
Q

All _________ (sensory) and ________ (motor) fibers connecting brain and spinal cord pass through _______

A

ascending; descending; medulla

38
Q

Reticular formation

A

net-like structure of various brainstem nuclei and neurons spanning the length of the brainstem

39
Q

The ______ is a component of the reticular formation

A

RAS (reticular activating system)

40
Q

Functions of the Reticular formation
- maintains the ______ state (consciousness) of the cerebral cortex (RAS) coordinating both ____-_____ cycle and ________
- helps regulate skeletal and visceral ______ ________
- filters out repetitive stimuli: ________

A
  • alert; sleep-wake cycle and wakefulness
  • muscle activity
  • habituation
41
Q

the ________ ________ connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

42
Q

the _______ ______ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum (right & left)

A

cerebellar vermis

43
Q

white matter of cerebellum= ________ ________

A

arbor vitae (resembles structure of a tree)

44
Q

outer “wrinkles” of cerebellum= ______

A

folia

45
Q

Which multipolar neurons are present in the cortex of the cerebellum between the granule cell layer and the molecular layer?

A

purkinje cells

46
Q

Main function of the cerebellum:

A

adjust motor output, ensuring coordination and balance

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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