Lecture 1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of form
Examining structure of the human body
-Inspection:
-Palpation:
-Auscultation:
-Percussion:
-simply looking at the body’s appearance, as performing a physical examination
-feeling a structure with the hands
-listening to the natural sounds made by the body (e.g. heartbeats or breathing)
-tapping on the body, feels for abnormal resistance
cadaver dissection
cut into a human body, and dissect different tissue or organs
Comparative anatomy
the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
Exploratory surgery
opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what can be done
Gross anatomy
looking at yourself, arm and leg muscle models NO MAGNIFICATION needed
Histology
microscopic anatomy
-provides a microscopic view of anatomy
Histopathology
looking at tissues in a diseased state
Cytology
lookin at how cells regulate their environment
Ultrastructure
electon-microscopy; high resolution images at the atomic level
Physiology
the study of function
Sub-disciplines of Physiology
-neurophysiology:
-endocrinology:
-pathophysiology:
-physiology of the nervous system (how nerve signaling is conducted down neurons and tracks
-physiology of hormones (looks at how the hormonal production regulates different body systems and help to help maintain homeostasis
-mechanism of disease (looks at how a disease manifests itself in different body processes an dhow does it disrupt them
The Hierarchy of Complexity
-________ composed of organ systems
-Organ systems composed of ______
-_____ composed of tissues
-Tissues composed of _____
-_____ composed of organelles
-Organelles composed of ________
-______ composed of atoms
organism
organs; organs
cells; cells
molecules; molecules
Characteristics of Life
organization:
cellular composition
metabolism:
responsiveness:
movement:
homeostasis:
development
reproduction
evolution of a population:
-higher level than nonliving things
-sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)
-ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
-of organism and/or of substances within the organism
-maintain relatively stable internal conditions
-changes in genes
cells of your body are bathed in fluid
-this fluid is called _______ or _________
-fluid inside of our cells is called _______________
-extracellular fluid (EFC) or interstitial fluid
-intercellular fluid
Factors under homeostatic control in humans include:
-B____________
-Oxygen levels in _______ and _______
-Acidity and alkalinity (pH) of _______ and ________
-S__________
-Blood ________ ________
-Metabolic ___________-
Body temp
blood; tissues
blood; other body fluids
salt content
glucose levels
waste product levels
Negative feedback allows for _______ equilibrium within limited range around a _________
-the body senses a change and “negates” or _________ it
dynamic (balanced); set point
reverses
Nearly every regulatory system in the body depends on this principle:
-Acidity
-Temperature
-________________
-_______________
-Blood glucose levels
-_____________
-oxygen saturation
-osmotic pressure of the body fluids (amount of water in your body)
-blood pressure
Receptor
the structure that sense change in the body (e.g. stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)
integrating (control) center
control center that processes the sensory info, “makes a decision”, and directs the response (e.g. cardiac center of the brain)
MOST OF THE TIME LOCATED IN THE BRAIN
Effector
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g. the heart)
Positive feedback and rapid change
-______-_______ cycle
-leads to greater change in the _______ direction
-feedback loop is ______-change proceeds more change
-self-amplifying
-same
-repeated
examples: child birth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals
Gradient
-matter and energy tend to flow _______ gradients
(example: blood flows from a place of _______ pressure to a place of _____ pressure )
-movement in the opposite direction is “____ the gradient”= requires ____
a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
-DOWN
(higher to lower)
-UP; energy
