Lecture 1

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

the study of form

Question 2

Examining structure of the human body
-Inspection:
-Palpation:
-Auscultation:
-Percussion:

Answer 2

-simply looking at the body’s appearance, as performing a physical examination
-feeling a structure with the hands
-listening to the natural sounds made by the body (e.g. heartbeats or breathing)
-tapping on the body, feels for abnormal resistance

Question 3

cadaver dissection

Answer 3

cut into a human body, and dissect different tissue or organs

Question 4

Comparative anatomy

Answer 4

the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

Question 5

Exploratory surgery

Answer 5

opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what can be done

Question 6

Gross anatomy

Answer 6

looking at yourself, arm and leg muscle models NO MAGNIFICATION needed

Question 7

Histology

Answer 7

microscopic anatomy
-provides a microscopic view of anatomy

Question 8

Histopathology

Answer 8

looking at tissues in a diseased state

Question 9

Cytology

Answer 9

lookin at how cells regulate their environment

Question 10

Ultrastructure

Answer 10

electon-microscopy; high resolution images at the atomic level

Question 11

Physiology

Answer 11

the study of function

Question 12

Sub-disciplines of Physiology
-neurophysiology:
-endocrinology:
-pathophysiology:

Answer 12

-physiology of the nervous system (how nerve signaling is conducted down neurons and tracks
-physiology of hormones (looks at how the hormonal production regulates different body systems and help to help maintain homeostasis
-mechanism of disease (looks at how a disease manifests itself in different body processes an dhow does it disrupt them

Question 13

The Hierarchy of Complexity
-________ composed of organ systems
-Organ systems composed of ______
-_____ composed of tissues
-Tissues composed of _____
-_____ composed of organelles
-Organelles composed of ________
-______ composed of atoms

Answer 13

organism
organs; organs
cells; cells
molecules; molecules

Question 14

Characteristics of Life
organization:
cellular composition
metabolism:
responsiveness:
movement:
homeostasis:
development
reproduction
evolution of a population:

Answer 14

-higher level than nonliving things
-sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)
-ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
-of organism and/or of substances within the organism
-maintain relatively stable internal conditions
-changes in genes

Question 15

cells of your body are bathed in fluid
-this fluid is called _______ or _________
-fluid inside of our cells is called _______________

Answer 15

-extracellular fluid (EFC) or interstitial fluid
-intercellular fluid

Question 16

Factors under homeostatic control in humans include:
-B____________
-Oxygen levels in _______ and _______
-Acidity and alkalinity (pH) of _______ and ________
-S__________
-Blood ________ ________
-Metabolic ___________-

Answer 16

Body temp
blood; tissues
blood; other body fluids
salt content
glucose levels
waste product levels

Question 17

Negative feedback allows for _______ equilibrium within limited range around a _________
-the body senses a change and “negates” or _________ it

Answer 17

dynamic (balanced); set point
reverses

Question 18

Nearly every regulatory system in the body depends on this principle:
-Acidity
-Temperature
-________________
-_______________
-Blood glucose levels
-_____________

Answer 18

-oxygen saturation
-osmotic pressure of the body fluids (amount of water in your body)
-blood pressure

Question 19

Receptor

Answer 19

the structure that sense change in the body (e.g. stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)

Question 20

integrating (control) center

Answer 20

control center that processes the sensory info, “makes a decision”, and directs the response (e.g. cardiac center of the brain)
MOST OF THE TIME LOCATED IN THE BRAIN

Question 21

Effector

Answer 21

cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g. the heart)

Question 22

Positive feedback and rapid change
-______-_______ cycle
-leads to greater change in the _______ direction
-feedback loop is ______-change proceeds more change

Answer 22

-self-amplifying
-same
-repeated
examples: child birth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

Question 23

Gradient
-matter and energy tend to flow _______ gradients
(example: blood flows from a place of _______ pressure to a place of _____ pressure )

-movement in the opposite direction is “____ the gradient”= requires ____

Answer 23

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
-DOWN
(higher to lower)
-UP; energy