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BIOL 203 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Spinal enlargement:
  • Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
A
  • widened regions of spinal cord to accommodate for innervation of the upper and lower limbs
  • cervical and lumbar regions
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2
Q

Conus medullaris=
Cauda equine=
Filum terminale=

A
  • the lower end of the spinal cord
  • “horse tail”–> bundle of spinal nerves
  • fibrous strand anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx (NON-functional, no nerve tissue)
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3
Q

_________: opening in occipital bone for spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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4
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

At L1-L2 level
(lumbar 1-2 region)

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5
Q

3 layers of membranes protect the brain and spinal cord= meninges
1.
2.
3.

  • the spinal cord resides within the ________ _______
A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
    - vertebral column
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6
Q

H-shaped GREY matter=
WHITE matter=

A
  • somas of neurons (cell bodies)
  • myelinated axons
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7
Q

Dorsal root= ______ signals
Ventral root= ______ signals
Ganglion=

A

sensory
motor
cluster of neurosomas in the PNS (somas of SENSORY neurons)

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8
Q

_________: cluster of neurosomas in the CNS
found in ______ matter

A

nuclei
gray

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9
Q

Organization of the gray matter in the spinal cord:
- ______ horn=
- ______ horn=
- ______ horn=

A
  • dorsal or posterior= interneurons
  • lateral= visceral (autonomic motor neurons)
  • ventral or anterior= somatic motor neurons
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10
Q

The spinal cord is a ____-way impulse conduction pathway and a ______ center

A

two; reflex

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11
Q

The _____ matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons, organized in _______, each of which contains ascending or descending axon ______ related to specific functions

A

white; columns; tracts

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12
Q

Tracts:

A

bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function

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13
Q
  • ascending tracts contains _______ information which is sent to the _____
  • descending tracts contains _______ information that comes from the __________ of the brain and sends it to __________ cord
A
  • sensory; brain
  • motor; cerebral cortex; spinal
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14
Q

3 main types of ascending tracts

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract
  2. Dorsal column-medial lemniscus system
  3. Spinocerebellar pathway
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15
Q

Two pathways of spinothalamic tract:

  1. __________: temperature and pain
  2. __________: pressure and crude touch
    - both finish in _______
A
  1. lateral
  2. anterior
    - thalamus
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16
Q

Fasciculus

A

bundle of axons

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17
Q

____________: the ability to sense position (posture) and perform movements

A

proprioception

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18
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus system
- fasciculus gracilis (medial):
- fasiculus cuneatus (lateral):

-what type of info do these both carry?

A
  • info from lower body
  • info from upper body
  • conscious proprioception, vibration, tactile sensation, and two point discrimination
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19
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway
- Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint capsules –> __________
- doesn’t ascend to cerebral cortex
- ___________ proprioception

A
  • cerebellum
  • unconscious
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20
Q

Types of neurons in spinothalamic tract
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. First order neuron
  2. Second order neurons
  3. Third order neurons
21
Q

First order neuron
- location of cell bodies:
- where they end:

A
  • dorsal nerve root ganglion
  • substantia gelatinosa in dorsal horn (synapse to second order neurons)
22
Q

Second order neurons:
- location of cell bodies:
- where they end:
- their fibers form the ________ tracts

A
  • dorsal horn
  • thalamus
  • ascending
23
Q

Third order neurons
- location of cell bodies:
- where they end:

A
  • thalamus
  • cerebral cortex of the brain
24
Q

Spinothalamic pathways ________ which means they cross to the other side within the spinal cord

A

decussate

25
Q

spinal nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS that contain sensory and motor nerve fibers

26
Q

The _______ (sensory) and ________(motor) roots fuse to form a spinal nerve

A

dorsal; ventral

27
Q

Nerves have many _______ (bundles of axons) which are wrapped around _______

A

fascicles; perineurium

28
Q

3 connective tissue layers of nerve

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Epineurium: covering the peripheral nerve
  2. Perineurium: around 1 fascicle
  3. Endoneurium: inside fascicle; between axons
29
Q

2 major group of nerves:
-_____ pairs of cranial nerves: some are sensory or motor, most are mixed
- _____ pairs of spinal nerves: all are mixed

A

12
31

30
Q

__________= areas of sensation located in the skin

a ___________ is a digram of the cutaneous (skin) regions innervated by each spinal nerve

A

dermatomes
dermatome map

31
Q

following a traumatic injury, the clinician can test dermatomes to determine the presence and the extent of a ______ ____________ ______

A

spinal cord lesion

32
Q

nerve plexus:

A

a branching network of intersecting nerves; located in the spinal cord

33
Q

5 spinal nerve plexuses

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbar plexus
  4. Sacra plexus
  5. Coccygeal plexus
34
Q

reflexes are:
- ______: involve few, if any, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay
- _______: occur without intent and are difficult to suppress
- _______ : occur essentially the same way every time (automatic)

reactions of ________ or _______ to stimulation

A

quick
involuntary
stereotyped
glands; muscles

35
Q

Visceral reflexes:

A

involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as heart, blood vessels, or structures of the GI tract

36
Q

Somatic reflexes:

A

reflexes involving the somatic nervous system innervating skeletal muscle

37
Q

Spinal reflex:

A

somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord

38
Q

reflex arc:

A

the neural “wiring” pathway of a single reflex

39
Q

A reflex arc
1. stimulus activates _________
2. Nerve impulse travels through sensory neuron to _______
3. Nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by __________
4. Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to _______
5. ________ responds to impulse from motor neuron

A
  • receptor
  • spinal cord
  • interneuron
  • effector
  • effector
40
Q

Poly=
Mono=

A
  • multiple synapses
  • only one synapse
41
Q

polysynaptic reflexes contain __________, while monosynaptic reflexes DO NOT

A

interneurons

42
Q

The Stretch Reflex (aka _________)
- type of reflex=
- regulates skeletal muscle ________
- stretching of muscle detected by ________ ________

A

myotactic
- monosynaptic reflex
- length
- muscle spindles

43
Q

Stretch reflex example
- Patellar (Knee-jerk) reflex
the stimulus (the tap on the patellar ligament stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle and initiates ________ of the muscle, thereby extending the knee joint

A

contraction

44
Q

The Golgi Tendon Reflex
- reflex type:
- it is a response to……
- it protects the muscle from excessively _______ loads by causing the muscle to relax and drop the load
- tension is detected by….

A
  • polysynaptic since inhibitory interneurons participate
  • excessive tension on the tendon
  • heavy
  • Golgi tendon receptors
45
Q

Alpha motor neurons (also called lower motor neurons):

A

innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contractions that generate movement

46
Q

The flexor (________) reflex
- the quick _______ of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
- initiated by a ______ stimulus
- flexor muscle= ________
- extensor muscle= _______

A

withdrawal
- contraction
- painful or noxious
- contracts
- relaxes

47
Q

The crossed extension reflex
- _________ and _______ that limb and enables you to keep your balance
- flexors= _________ (motor neurons _______)
- extensors= ________ (motor neurons ________)

A
  • extends and stiffens
  • relaxes; inhibited
  • contraction; activated
48
Q

For the crossed extension reflex to exist the _______ reflex must coexist (occur)

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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