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BIOL 203 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

EEG: test that measures ______________ in the brain using small, metal discs (_________) attached to the scalp
- detects activity of large groups of neurons that are ___________________ (in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex)
- Primarily measures postsynaptic _______ ___________ (not AP)

A

electrical activity; electrodes
- active at the same time
- local potential

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2
Q

______ of brain waves is a common criterion of brain death

A

LACK

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3
Q

brain waves: _______________
- _________: number of waves per second
- _________: size of a wave

A

rhythmic voltage changes- distinguished by their different frequency range & amplitude
- frequency
- amplitude

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4
Q

Which type of brain waves has more frequency:
Which type of brain waves has more amplitude:

A
  • beta (waves are closer together)
  • alpha (has higher peaks)
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5
Q

Sleep can be divided into two different general phases:
- ______ (_________) sleep
- _______ sleep= stages ____________

A
  • REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
  • non-REM= stages N1, N2, N3
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6
Q
  • Brain wave types for AWAKE state= _________ and ________
  • Brain wave type for slow-wave sleep= __________
A

-beta (eyes open and performing mental tasks); alpha (awake but resting; eyes closed)
- delta

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7
Q

Stages of sleep brain waves
- Theta: drowsy or sleepy (adults)/ common in children= stages ____&____ (______)
- Delta: deep sleep (adults)= stages ___ ,____ (_____)

A
  • 1 & 2 (N1-2)
  • 3,4 (N3)
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8
Q
  • Heart rate and respiration slow dramatically in sleep stage _____
  • Sleepwalking occurs in sleep stage _____
  • Dreaming occurs in sleep stage _____
A
  • N3
  • N3
  • REM
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9
Q

REM sleep is known as “paradoxical sleep”= ___________ + ___________ (____________)

  • REM atonia:
A

high brain activity + lack of muscle tone (muscle relaxation)
- motor neurons are not being stimulated (lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness)

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10
Q

More about REM sleep

  • EEG pattern during REM resembles the _________ state: vital signs _______ (temp, BP, HR, respiration)
  • Associated with ___________ of muscle systems (expect those that make circulation and respiration possible) —> prevents the person from acting out their dreams
  • Vivid and long _______
  • penile/clitoral _______ and pupil _________
A
  • wake; increase
  • paralysis
  • dreams
  • erection; constriction
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11
Q

A ___________ illustrates how an individual moves through various stages of sleep
- 1 cycle represents:
- 1 cycle lasts around _____ min
- Repeat cycle ___-____ times/night

A

hypnogram
- a full sleep cycle, including both non-REM and REM sleep
- 90
- 4-6

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12
Q

REM sleep _______ as the night progresses

A

increases

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13
Q

The body’s master circadian clock: _______________ in the ___________

A

suprachiasmatic nucleaus (SCN); hypothalamus

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14
Q

Input from the ______ directly allows SCN to synchronize multiple body rhythms (clocks) with external rhythms of night and day

A

eye

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15
Q

Circadian rhythms are natural, internal, ________ cycles that roughly follow a ____hour period

Examples:

A

biological; 24

sleep, body temp., urine production, hormone secretion,

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16
Q

Melatonin is specifically secreted in the _____ phase (____) by the ___________

Melatonin:

A

dark; night; pineal gland in epithalamus

its a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms and energy balance

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17
Q

Orexin is produced in the _________ during the _____ phase (______). It promotes ___________ and regulates ________ ________

A

hypothalamus; light (waking); wakefulness; food intake

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18
Q

Primary functions of the limbic system as a whole
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Emotional processing
  2. Memory formation and retrieval
  3. Learning
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19
Q

7 specific structures that are considered to be apart of the limbic system

A
  1. Basal ganglia
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
  5. Hypothalamus
  6. Pre-frontal cortex
  7. Cingulate gyrus
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20
Q

The basal ganglia is connected to the limbic system through the __________ (caudate and putamen): _______ of stimuli paired with aversive events and ______ formation

A

striatum; avoidance; habit

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21
Q

Two groups of thalamic nuclei associated with the limbic system

A
  1. medial
  2. anterior
22
Q

The ________ is commonly known as the emotion center: role in _____, food intake, sexual behavior, & ______ responses

A

amygdala; fear; stress

23
Q

The hypothalamus role within the limbic system is to influence _______ & _________ systems in response to _________(HR and BP ______, hair stands on end, vomiting)

A

somatic; visceral motor; emotion; increase

24
Q

In the limbic system the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has control over __________________ (how to show those feelings)

A

expression of emotions

25
Q

The _________ ________ helps regulate emotions and pain meaning this belongs to the __________ system

A

cingulate gyrus
limbic

26
Q

Primary sensory cortex=
Sensory association areas=

A
  • location of pain
  • interpretation of pain (cognitive processing of pain signals)
27
Q

The primary motor cortex is responsible for the control of __________________ on the body’s contralateral side

Location:
- lobe= ________
- gyrus= _______

A

voluntary motor movement
- frontal
- pre central gyrus

28
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory impulses & provides _________ of stimuli

Location:
- lobe= _______
- gyrus= ______

Types of stimuli processed here are general senses including:

A

awareness
- parietal
- postcentral gyrus

touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold, and pain

29
Q

The _______ ________ serves as a boundary between the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

A

central sulcus

30
Q

Homunculus

A

a distorted representation of the human body

31
Q

Certain body parts appear larger on both motor and sensory homunculus because:
- Regions that require more __________ motor control are larger than the other (e.g. ________ and _______)
- Body representation is proportional to how richly ____________ and __________ that region is

A
  • fine-tuned (hands and face)
  • innervated; sensitive
32
Q

The motor homunculus can aid in localizing the site of a ________ by analyzing symptoms (which areas are affected)

A

stroke

33
Q

The _________________ represents where the terminal sensory impulses of the body end up in the cortical cortex

A

sensory homunculus

34
Q

cortical=

A

cortex

35
Q

Which cortical brain area integrates information (or cognitive function)

A

association areas

36
Q

The somatosensory association area
- Location:
- Function:

A
  • roof of the lateral sulcus
  • makes cognitive sense of stimulus (gives meaning to sensations and associate sensations with specific stimuli)
37
Q

Premotor cortex= _____________ area
- location:
- function:

A

association
- frontal lobe; close to primary motor cortex
- involved in the planning of voluntary limb movement

38
Q

3 stages involved in controlling voluntary movement and associated areas
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Planning movement: begins in premotor (association) cortex
  2. Initiating movement: primary motor cortex
  3. Executing movement: alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn in spinal cord
39
Q

When planning a movement, in the premotor cortex
- the neurons compile a _________ for degree and sequence of muscle contraction required for an action

A

program

40
Q

In addition to the cerebral cortex two other brain regions that have influence over voluntary motor movements are the

-the ________ between these two systems allows for smooth, coordinated movement

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum
- balance

41
Q

The primary function of the corticospinal tract is the _________ (__________) control of the musculature

  • Neurons that make up this tract=
A

voluntary (conscious)
- upper motor neuron; lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron)

42
Q

Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located _____________
- type of cell=

Axons of upper motor neurons synapse with lower motors in ____________

A

primary motor cortex
- pyramidal cells (multipolar)

ventral horn of spinal cord

43
Q
  • At which point do some of the corticospinal tract decussate?
  • What %?
  • Name of resulting tracts?
  • Name and % of fibers that do NOT decussate ?
A
  • at the pyramids
  • 90%
  • Lateral corticospinal tract
  • Anterior corticospinal tract; 10%
44
Q

Corticospinal tract= “pyramidal tract” because…

A

it crosses over the pyramids of the medulla oblongata on its path down to the spinal cord

45
Q

Sequential order of regions that the upper motor neuron axons traverse as they make their way down the spinal cord:
primary motor cortex (____________) –> __________–> internal ________–> __________ —> pons —> __________ of the medulla—> ______________

A

pre-central gyrus–> corna radiata–> internal capsule–> crus cerebri (peduncle) in midbrain–> pons–> pyramids–> ventral horn of spinal cord

46
Q

In most people the _______ hemisphere controls language
- Broca’s area: language ___________
Location:

  • Wernicke’s area: language ___________
    Location:

The same areas in the opposite hemisphere (right) deals with nonverbal ________ ________ of language

A

left
- production
location: inferior PFC

  • comprehension
    location: posterior to lateral sulcus

emotional content

47
Q

Lesions in Broca’s and/or Wernicke’s area produce aphasia=

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech

48
Q

A lesion in ________ area would lead to a loss in the ability understand language

A lesion in ______ area would lead to an inability to express speech

A

Wernicke’s

Broca’s

49
Q

Which brain area is responsible for creating associations between images and associating VERBS with them?

A

wernicke’s area

50
Q

Which brain area formulates motor programs for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips involved in speech?

A

Broca’s area

51
Q

In the cortex, which area executes the motor programs generated by the Broca’s area?

A

primary motor cortex

52
Q

The upper motor neurons responsible for initiating motor signals (tracts) to innervate the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips are located in __________________

A

primary motor cortex

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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