Lecture 20

Question 1

EEG: test that measures ______________ in the brain using small, metal discs (_________) attached to the scalp
- detects activity of large groups of neurons that are ___________________ (in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex)
- Primarily measures postsynaptic _______ ___________ (not AP)

Answer 1

electrical activity; electrodes
- active at the same time
- local potential

Question 2

______ of brain waves is a common criterion of brain death

Answer 2

LACK

Question 3

brain waves: _______________
- _________: number of waves per second
- _________: size of a wave

Answer 3

rhythmic voltage changes- distinguished by their different frequency range & amplitude
- frequency
- amplitude

Question 4

Which type of brain waves has more frequency:
Which type of brain waves has more amplitude:

Answer 4

• beta (waves are closer together)
• alpha (has higher peaks)

Question 5

Sleep can be divided into two different general phases:
- ______ (_________) sleep
- _______ sleep= stages ____________

Answer 5

• REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
• non-REM= stages N1, N2, N3

Question 6

• Brain wave types for AWAKE state= _________ and ________
• Brain wave type for slow-wave sleep= __________

Answer 6

-beta (eyes open and performing mental tasks); alpha (awake but resting; eyes closed)
- delta

Question 7

Stages of sleep brain waves
- Theta: drowsy or sleepy (adults)/ common in children= stages ____&____ (______)
- Delta: deep sleep (adults)= stages ___ ,____ (_____)

Answer 7

• 1 & 2 (N1-2)
• 3,4 (N3)

Question 8

• Heart rate and respiration slow dramatically in sleep stage _____
• Sleepwalking occurs in sleep stage _____
• Dreaming occurs in sleep stage _____

Answer 8

• N3
• N3
• REM

Question 9

REM sleep is known as “paradoxical sleep”= ___________ + ___________ (____________)

• REM atonia:

Answer 9

high brain activity + lack of muscle tone (muscle relaxation)
- motor neurons are not being stimulated (lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness)

Question 10

More about REM sleep

• EEG pattern during REM resembles the _________ state: vital signs _______ (temp, BP, HR, respiration)
• Associated with ___________ of muscle systems (expect those that make circulation and respiration possible) —> prevents the person from acting out their dreams
• Vivid and long _______
• penile/clitoral _______ and pupil _________

Answer 10

• wake; increase
• paralysis
• dreams
• erection; constriction

Question 11

A ___________ illustrates how an individual moves through various stages of sleep
- 1 cycle represents:
- 1 cycle lasts around _____ min
- Repeat cycle ___-____ times/night

Answer 11

hypnogram
- a full sleep cycle, including both non-REM and REM sleep
- 90
- 4-6

Question 12

REM sleep _______ as the night progresses

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

The body’s master circadian clock: _______________ in the ___________

Answer 13

suprachiasmatic nucleaus (SCN); hypothalamus

Question 14

Input from the ______ directly allows SCN to synchronize multiple body rhythms (clocks) with external rhythms of night and day

Answer 14

eye

Question 15

Circadian rhythms are natural, internal, ________ cycles that roughly follow a ____hour period

Examples:

Answer 15

biological; 24

sleep, body temp., urine production, hormone secretion,

Question 16

Melatonin is specifically secreted in the _____ phase (____) by the ___________

Melatonin:

Answer 16

dark; night; pineal gland in epithalamus

its a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms and energy balance

Question 17

Orexin is produced in the _________ during the _____ phase (______). It promotes ___________ and regulates ________ ________

Answer 17

hypothalamus; light (waking); wakefulness; food intake

Question 18

Primary functions of the limbic system as a whole
1.
2.
3.

Answer 18

1. Emotional processing
2. Memory formation and retrieval
3. Learning

Question 19

7 specific structures that are considered to be apart of the limbic system

Answer 19

1. Basal ganglia
2. Thalamus
3. Hippocampus
4. Amygdala
5. Hypothalamus
6. Pre-frontal cortex
7. Cingulate gyrus

Question 20

The basal ganglia is connected to the limbic system through the __________ (caudate and putamen): _______ of stimuli paired with aversive events and ______ formation

Answer 20

striatum; avoidance; habit

Question 21

Two groups of thalamic nuclei associated with the limbic system

Answer 21

1. medial
2. anterior

Question 22

The ________ is commonly known as the emotion center: role in _____, food intake, sexual behavior, & ______ responses

Answer 22

amygdala; fear; stress

Question 23

The hypothalamus role within the limbic system is to influence _______ & _________ systems in response to _________(HR and BP ______, hair stands on end, vomiting)

Answer 23

somatic; visceral motor; emotion; increase

Question 24

In the limbic system the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has control over __________________ (how to show those feelings)

Answer 24

expression of emotions

Question 25

The _________ ________ helps regulate emotions and pain meaning this belongs to the __________ system

Answer 25

cingulate gyrus limbic

Question 26

Primary sensory cortex= Sensory association areas=

Answer 26

- location of pain - interpretation of pain (cognitive processing of pain signals)

Question 27

The primary motor cortex is responsible for the control of __________________ on the body's contralateral side Location: - lobe= ________ - gyrus= _______

Answer 27

voluntary motor movement - frontal - pre central gyrus

Question 28

The primary somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory impulses & provides _________ of stimuli Location: - lobe= _______ - gyrus= ______ Types of stimuli processed here are general senses including:

Answer 28

awareness - parietal - postcentral gyrus touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold, and pain

Question 29

The _______ ________ serves as a boundary between the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 29

central sulcus

Question 30

Homunculus

Answer 30

a distorted representation of the human body

Question 31

Certain body parts appear larger on both motor and sensory homunculus because: - Regions that require more __________ motor control are larger than the other (e.g. ________ and _______) - Body representation is proportional to how richly ____________ and __________ that region is

Answer 31

- fine-tuned (hands and face) - innervated; sensitive

Question 32

The motor homunculus can aid in localizing the site of a ________ by analyzing symptoms (which areas are affected)

Answer 32

stroke

Question 33

The _________________ represents where the terminal sensory impulses of the body end up in the cortical cortex

Answer 33

sensory homunculus

Question 34

cortical=

Answer 34

cortex

Question 35

Which cortical brain area integrates information (or cognitive function)

Answer 35

association areas

Question 36

The somatosensory association area - Location: - Function:

Answer 36

- roof of the lateral sulcus - makes cognitive sense of stimulus (gives meaning to sensations and associate sensations with specific stimuli)

Question 37

Premotor cortex= _____________ area - location: - function:

Answer 37

association - frontal lobe; close to primary motor cortex - involved in the planning of voluntary limb movement

Question 38

3 stages involved in controlling voluntary movement and associated areas 1. 2. 3.

Answer 38

1. Planning movement: begins in premotor (association) cortex 2. Initiating movement: primary motor cortex 3. Executing movement: alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn in spinal cord

Question 39

When planning a movement, in the premotor cortex - the neurons compile a _________ for degree and sequence of muscle contraction required for an action

Answer 39

program

Question 40

In addition to the cerebral cortex two other brain regions that have influence over voluntary motor movements are the -the ________ between these two systems allows for smooth, coordinated movement

Answer 40

basal ganglia and cerebellum - balance

Question 41

The primary function of the corticospinal tract is the _________ (__________) control of the musculature - Neurons that make up this tract=

Answer 41

voluntary (conscious) - upper motor neuron; lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron)

Question 42

Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located _____________ - type of cell= Axons of upper motor neurons synapse with lower motors in ____________

Answer 42

primary motor cortex - pyramidal cells (multipolar) ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 43

- At which point do some of the corticospinal tract decussate? - What %? - Name of resulting tracts? - Name and % of fibers that do NOT decussate ?

Answer 43

- at the pyramids - 90% - Lateral corticospinal tract - Anterior corticospinal tract; 10%

Question 44

Corticospinal tract= "pyramidal tract" because...

Answer 44

it crosses over the pyramids of the medulla oblongata on its path down to the spinal cord

Question 45

Sequential order of regions that the upper motor neuron axons traverse as they make their way down the spinal cord: primary motor cortex (____________) --> __________--> internal ________--> __________ ---> pons ---> __________ of the medulla---> ______________

Answer 45

pre-central gyrus--> corna radiata--> internal capsule--> crus cerebri (peduncle) in midbrain--> pons--> pyramids--> ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 46

In most people the _______ hemisphere controls language - Broca's area: language ___________ Location: - Wernicke's area: language ___________ Location: The same areas in the opposite hemisphere (right) deals with nonverbal ________ ________ of language

Answer 46

left - production location: inferior PFC - comprehension location: posterior to lateral sulcus emotional content

Question 47

Lesions in Broca's and/or Wernicke's area produce aphasia=

Answer 47

loss of ability to understand or express speech

Question 48

A lesion in ________ area would lead to a loss in the ability understand language A lesion in ______ area would lead to an inability to express speech

Answer 48

Wernicke's Broca's

Question 49

Which brain area is responsible for creating associations between images and associating VERBS with them?

Answer 49

wernicke's area

Question 50

Which brain area formulates motor programs for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips involved in speech?

Answer 50

Broca's area

Question 51

In the cortex, which area executes the motor programs generated by the Broca's area?

Answer 51

primary motor cortex

Question 52

The upper motor neurons responsible for initiating motor signals (tracts) to innervate the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips are located in __________________

Answer 52

primary motor cortex