Lecture 20 Flashcards
EEG: test that measures ______________ in the brain using small, metal discs (_________) attached to the scalp
- detects activity of large groups of neurons that are ___________________ (in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex)
- Primarily measures postsynaptic _______ ___________ (not AP)
electrical activity; electrodes
- active at the same time
- local potential
______ of brain waves is a common criterion of brain death
LACK
brain waves: _______________
- _________: number of waves per second
- _________: size of a wave
rhythmic voltage changes- distinguished by their different frequency range & amplitude
- frequency
- amplitude
Which type of brain waves has more frequency:
Which type of brain waves has more amplitude:
- beta (waves are closer together)
- alpha (has higher peaks)
Sleep can be divided into two different general phases:
- ______ (_________) sleep
- _______ sleep= stages ____________
- REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
- non-REM= stages N1, N2, N3
- Brain wave types for AWAKE state= _________ and ________
- Brain wave type for slow-wave sleep= __________
-beta (eyes open and performing mental tasks); alpha (awake but resting; eyes closed)
- delta
Stages of sleep brain waves
- Theta: drowsy or sleepy (adults)/ common in children= stages ____&____ (______)
- Delta: deep sleep (adults)= stages ___ ,____ (_____)
- 1 & 2 (N1-2)
- 3,4 (N3)
- Heart rate and respiration slow dramatically in sleep stage _____
- Sleepwalking occurs in sleep stage _____
- Dreaming occurs in sleep stage _____
- N3
- N3
- REM
REM sleep is known as “paradoxical sleep”= ___________ + ___________ (____________)
- REM atonia:
high brain activity + lack of muscle tone (muscle relaxation)
- motor neurons are not being stimulated (lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness)
More about REM sleep
- EEG pattern during REM resembles the _________ state: vital signs _______ (temp, BP, HR, respiration)
- Associated with ___________ of muscle systems (expect those that make circulation and respiration possible) —> prevents the person from acting out their dreams
- Vivid and long _______
- penile/clitoral _______ and pupil _________
- wake; increase
- paralysis
- dreams
- erection; constriction
A ___________ illustrates how an individual moves through various stages of sleep
- 1 cycle represents:
- 1 cycle lasts around _____ min
- Repeat cycle ___-____ times/night
hypnogram
- a full sleep cycle, including both non-REM and REM sleep
- 90
- 4-6
REM sleep _______ as the night progresses
increases
The body’s master circadian clock: _______________ in the ___________
suprachiasmatic nucleaus (SCN); hypothalamus
Input from the ______ directly allows SCN to synchronize multiple body rhythms (clocks) with external rhythms of night and day
eye
Circadian rhythms are natural, internal, ________ cycles that roughly follow a ____hour period
Examples:
biological; 24
sleep, body temp., urine production, hormone secretion,
Melatonin is specifically secreted in the _____ phase (____) by the ___________
Melatonin:
dark; night; pineal gland in epithalamus
its a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms and energy balance
Orexin is produced in the _________ during the _____ phase (______). It promotes ___________ and regulates ________ ________
hypothalamus; light (waking); wakefulness; food intake
Primary functions of the limbic system as a whole
1.
2.
3.
- Emotional processing
- Memory formation and retrieval
- Learning
7 specific structures that are considered to be apart of the limbic system
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Pre-frontal cortex
- Cingulate gyrus
The basal ganglia is connected to the limbic system through the __________ (caudate and putamen): _______ of stimuli paired with aversive events and ______ formation
striatum; avoidance; habit
Two groups of thalamic nuclei associated with the limbic system
- medial
- anterior
The ________ is commonly known as the emotion center: role in _____, food intake, sexual behavior, & ______ responses
amygdala; fear; stress
The hypothalamus role within the limbic system is to influence _______ & _________ systems in response to _________(HR and BP ______, hair stands on end, vomiting)
somatic; visceral motor; emotion; increase
In the limbic system the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has control over __________________ (how to show those feelings)
expression of emotions
The _________ ________ helps regulate emotions and pain meaning this belongs to the __________ system
cingulate gyrus
limbic
Primary sensory cortex=
Sensory association areas=
- location of pain
- interpretation of pain (cognitive processing of pain signals)
The primary motor cortex is responsible for the control of __________________ on the body’s contralateral side
Location:
- lobe= ________
- gyrus= _______
voluntary motor movement
- frontal
- pre central gyrus
The primary somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory impulses & provides _________ of stimuli
Location:
- lobe= _______
- gyrus= ______
Types of stimuli processed here are general senses including:
awareness
- parietal
- postcentral gyrus
touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold, and pain
The _______ ________ serves as a boundary between the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex
central sulcus
Homunculus
a distorted representation of the human body
Certain body parts appear larger on both motor and sensory homunculus because:
- Regions that require more __________ motor control are larger than the other (e.g. ________ and _______)
- Body representation is proportional to how richly ____________ and __________ that region is
- fine-tuned (hands and face)
- innervated; sensitive
The motor homunculus can aid in localizing the site of a ________ by analyzing symptoms (which areas are affected)
stroke
The _________________ represents where the terminal sensory impulses of the body end up in the cortical cortex
sensory homunculus
cortical=
cortex
Which cortical brain area integrates information (or cognitive function)
association areas
The somatosensory association area
- Location:
- Function:
- roof of the lateral sulcus
- makes cognitive sense of stimulus (gives meaning to sensations and associate sensations with specific stimuli)
Premotor cortex= _____________ area
- location:
- function:
association
- frontal lobe; close to primary motor cortex
- involved in the planning of voluntary limb movement
3 stages involved in controlling voluntary movement and associated areas
1.
2.
3.
- Planning movement: begins in premotor (association) cortex
- Initiating movement: primary motor cortex
- Executing movement: alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn in spinal cord
When planning a movement, in the premotor cortex
- the neurons compile a _________ for degree and sequence of muscle contraction required for an action
program
In addition to the cerebral cortex two other brain regions that have influence over voluntary motor movements are the
-the ________ between these two systems allows for smooth, coordinated movement
basal ganglia and cerebellum
- balance
The primary function of the corticospinal tract is the _________ (__________) control of the musculature
- Neurons that make up this tract=
voluntary (conscious)
- upper motor neuron; lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron)
Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located _____________
- type of cell=
Axons of upper motor neurons synapse with lower motors in ____________
primary motor cortex
- pyramidal cells (multipolar)
ventral horn of spinal cord
- At which point do some of the corticospinal tract decussate?
- What %?
- Name of resulting tracts?
- Name and % of fibers that do NOT decussate ?
- at the pyramids
- 90%
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Anterior corticospinal tract; 10%
Corticospinal tract= “pyramidal tract” because…
it crosses over the pyramids of the medulla oblongata on its path down to the spinal cord
Sequential order of regions that the upper motor neuron axons traverse as they make their way down the spinal cord:
primary motor cortex (____________) –> __________–> internal ________–> __________ —> pons —> __________ of the medulla—> ______________
pre-central gyrus–> corna radiata–> internal capsule–> crus cerebri (peduncle) in midbrain–> pons–> pyramids–> ventral horn of spinal cord
In most people the _______ hemisphere controls language
- Broca’s area: language ___________
Location:
- Wernicke’s area: language ___________
Location:
The same areas in the opposite hemisphere (right) deals with nonverbal ________ ________ of language
left
- production
location: inferior PFC
- comprehension
location: posterior to lateral sulcus
emotional content
Lesions in Broca’s and/or Wernicke’s area produce aphasia=
loss of ability to understand or express speech
A lesion in ________ area would lead to a loss in the ability understand language
A lesion in ______ area would lead to an inability to express speech
Wernicke’s
Broca’s
Which brain area is responsible for creating associations between images and associating VERBS with them?
wernicke’s area
Which brain area formulates motor programs for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips involved in speech?
Broca’s area
In the cortex, which area executes the motor programs generated by the Broca’s area?
primary motor cortex
The upper motor neurons responsible for initiating motor signals (tracts) to innervate the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips are located in __________________
primary motor cortex
