Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 203 > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

a ________ is a functional junction between neurons

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • information sending neuron=
  • information receiving neuron=
A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • postsynaptic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the _________ _______ is between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell while the ________ ________ are on the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic cleft; receptor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-chemical messengers that get released into the synaptic cleft are called ___________
- they are stored in ________ ________ in the terminal buttons of the presynaptic cell

A
  • neurotransmitters
  • synaptic vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________ channels located at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron are ______- gated which means that they will open in response to a change in membrane potential

A

calcium; voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two types of synapses:
1.
2.

A
  1. electrical
  2. chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrical synapse
- presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are directly connected through a channel called “_________ ________”
- _____ diffuse directly from 1 cell into the next
- much _________ but CANNOT integrate information

A
  • Gap junction
  • ions
  • FASTER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical synapse
- separated by a physical space= _________ ______
- ALLOWS for integration for information from multiple ________
-most ________ in the nervous system

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • neurons
  • COMMON
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 amino acids that act as neurotransmitters (NTs)
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Glycine
  2. Gamma(y)-aminobutryic acid (GABA)
  3. Glutamate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 types of Monoamines= ______________ NTs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- they contain a _______ group in their chemical structure

A

biogenic amines
1. Dopamine
2. Epinephrine
3. Norepinephrine
4. Histamine
5. Serotonin (5-HT)
- amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The three catecholamines (NTs)
1.
2.
3.

-these are derived from the amino acid _______

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
  • tyrosine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuropeptides=
1.
2.

A

peptides neurotransmitters
1. Substance P
2. Opioid peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____________ is the rate-limiting enzyme that synthesizes dopamine while ___________ turns DOPA into dopamine

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Another name for norepinephrine and epinephrine=

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two major enzymes that are responsible for catecholamine CATABOLISM in the brain:
1.
2.

A
  1. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  2. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steps that lead from the AP arriving at synaptic terminal to the release of NTs
1. AP arrives at ____________
2. Voltage-gated _____ channels open (due to __________ from arrival of AP) and it enters the axon terminal
3. ____- entry causes NT-containing _______ ________ to release their contents by exocytosis
4. NT diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to _____-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

A
  1. axon terminal
  2. Ca2+; depolarization
  3. Ca2+ ; synaptic vesicles
  4. ligand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glutamate= __________ neurotransmitter
- this means it will produce _________ (make more positive) on the postsynaptic membrane

GABA= ________ neurotransmitter
-this means it will produce _________ (less likely to generate an AP)

A

excitatory
- depolarization

inhibitory
- hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPSP=
IPSP=
both _____ ______ potentials
produced in the ____________

A
  • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
  • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
  • local graded
  • postsynaptic terminal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

resting membrane potential (RMP) = around _____ mV
threshold voltage to trigger an AP in a neuron= usually around _____ mV

A

-70 mV
-55 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ions responsible for inducing an EPSP=
- these ions go inside (=_______)
Ions responsible for inducing an IPSP=
- these ions go outside (=_______)
- the other ion go inside (=______)

A

Sodium Na+
- influx
Potassium K+; Chloride Cl-
- efflux
-influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GABA-A receptor

  • the alpha, beta, gamma letters on the GABA-A receptor represent….
A

different proteins that form the receptor, they are sometimes referred as subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GABA binds to a site near the junction of alpha and beta subunits, and this causes conformational changes that open the _______ ion channel (influx of ions) which leads to neuronal membrane ___________

A

chloride; hyperpolarization

23
Q

3 ways for concluding synaptic transmission
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Enzymatic degradation
  2. Diffusion
  3. Reuptake by presynaptic neurons
24
Q

Examples of enzymatic degadation

A

COMT and MOA-A —> degrades biogenic amines
Acetylcholinesterase–> degrades acetylcholine

25
Q

Example of reuptake by presynaptic neuron

A

SERT= serotonin transporter

26
Q

4 dopaminergic pathways in the brain
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Nigrostriatal
  2. Mesocortical
  3. Mesolimbic
  4. Tuberofundibular
27
Q

The nigrostriatal pathway connects the __________ located in the midbrain with the _______ (caudate and putamen), within the basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra; striatum

28
Q

The nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for _____ __________
- abnormalities that would arise form the impairment of structures associated with the nigrostriatal pathway=
- decreased activity= __________ (parkinsonian symptoms)
- increased activity= __________ (movement disorders)

A

motor movement
- motor disorders
- hypokinetic
- hyperkinetic

29
Q

the term “kinetic”=

A

“of motion” (movement)

30
Q

a mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior, often leading to impaired perception of reality
- positive symptoms=
- negative symptoms=

A

Schizophrenia
- hallucinations
- apathy, lack of motivation

31
Q

2 pathways related to schizophrenia
1. ____________ pathway= cognitive and negative symptoms
2. ___________ pathway= positive symptoms

A
  1. Mesocortical
  2. Mesolimbic
32
Q

VTA= ___________ located in _______

A

Ventral Tegmental Area; midbrain

33
Q

The mesocortical pathway connects the _______ with the _________ _______ and it controls……

A

VTA; prefrontal cortex; emotions and affect, planning, judgement

34
Q

The mesolimbic pathway connects the ______ with the ______ ______ (part of the limbic system) and it controls…..

A

VTA; nucleus accumbens; motivation and reward

35
Q

____________ of dopamine receptor-1 (D1) in the _________ pathway contributes to __________ symptoms of schizophrenia

A

dysfunction; mesocortical; negative

36
Q

_____________ of the D2 receptor in the __________ pathway contributes to _________ symptom of schizophrenia

A

hyperfunction; mesolimbic; positive

37
Q

The hypothalamic nucleus that is considered the “infundibular nucleus”=
- the tuberoinfundibular pathway projects from the __________ to the anterior ________ ________

A

arcuate nucleus
- hypothalamus; pituitary gland

38
Q

The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway causes the inhibition of __________ release

A

prolactin

39
Q

neuroplasticity=
synaptic plasticity=

A
  • the ability of the brain to change, or rewire, throughout a person’s life
  • the process of neuroplasticity occurring at the single-cell level (individual synapse)
40
Q

Two factors that determine whether changes in synaptic strength are temporary or long-lasting

A

intensity and reoccurrence of the signal the synapse receives

41
Q

Temporary= ____________ memory
Long-lasting= ___________ memory

A

short-term
long-term

42
Q

Two methods by which the neuron can temporarily increase its synaptic strength
1.
2.

A
  1. increasing the amount of NTs released
  2. Increasing the number of postsynaptic receptors available
43
Q

Two types of long-lasting neuroplastic changes?
1.
2.

A
  1. Structural
  2. Functional
44
Q

2 examples of structural neuroplastic changes
1.
2.
- _________ or _________ activities are required to produce structural neuroplastic changes

A
  1. growth of new dendritic spines and synaptic connections
  2. Changes in cortical areas
    - strong; sustained
45
Q

neurons may adopt a new function when they are sufficiently stimulated (after a stroke) which is a _________ change, which are ___________ changes

A

functional; long-lasting

46
Q

what is a stroke?

A

sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain

47
Q

The __________ is considered a “memory-forming center”
Long-term memories are consolidated and storage in various areas of the _______ _______

A

hippocampus
cerebral cortex

48
Q

LTD=
- is a long-term _________ of a synaptic connection
- it allows for _________ connections to be LOST and makes synapses that have undergone LTP that much ________ by comparison
LTP=
- is a persistent __________ of a synaptic connection
- base to create ____________

A

Long-term depression
- weakening
- unimportant
- stronger
Long-term potentiation
- strengthening
- new memories

49
Q

LTP is caused by….

A

high-frequency signals (strong experience)
or
repeated stimulations (studying, revising)

50
Q

Synaptic plasticity follows the “___________________” rule: frequently used synapses are strengthened while rarely used connections are eliminated

A

use it or lose it

51
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors are located on the same ___________ neuron and they recognize the NT _________

A

postsynaptic; glutamate

52
Q

The mechanism of LTP in the hippocampus
1. Glutamate released first activates ______ receptors which causes _____ influx
2. Frequent ______ receptors stimulation by glutamate will cause the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize even more, causing the release of _______ from the NMDA-R allowing ______ to flow in through it
3. This _____ influx initiates cellular mechanism that cause more ________ to be inserted into the neuron’s mb
4. Now, the postsynaptic cell is more _______ to glutamate because it has more receptors to respond to it (this type of change is _________)

  • Ca2+ also promotes the _____________________ which is considered long-lasting change
A
  1. AMPA; Na+
  2. AMPA; Mg2+; Ca2+
  3. Ca2+; AMPA receptors
  4. sensitive; temporary (short-term)
    - growth of dendritic spines
53
Q

Mechanism of LTD at the glutamatergic synapse
- low firing rate of the presynaptic neuron—> few ________ molecules
which causes intracellular Ca2+ ions that stimulate ________ of AMPA receptors
- LTD induces dendritic spine _________ and synaptic ______ therefore memory ______

A
  • glutamate; endocytosis
  • shrinkage; loss; loss

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions