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BIOL 203 > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

a ________ is a functional junction between neurons

A

synapse

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2
Q
  • information sending neuron=
  • information receiving neuron=
A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • postsynaptic neuron
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3
Q

the _________ _______ is between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell while the ________ ________ are on the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic cleft; receptor proteins

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4
Q

-chemical messengers that get released into the synaptic cleft are called ___________
- they are stored in ________ ________ in the terminal buttons of the presynaptic cell

A
  • neurotransmitters
  • synaptic vesicles
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5
Q

_________ channels located at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron are ______- gated which means that they will open in response to a change in membrane potential

A

calcium; voltage

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6
Q

Two types of synapses:
1.
2.

A
  1. electrical
  2. chemical
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7
Q

Electrical synapse
- presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are directly connected through a channel called “_________ ________”
- _____ diffuse directly from 1 cell into the next
- much _________ but CANNOT integrate information

A
  • Gap junction
  • ions
  • FASTER
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8
Q

Chemical synapse
- separated by a physical space= _________ ______
- ALLOWS for integration for information from multiple ________
-most ________ in the nervous system

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • neurons
  • COMMON
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9
Q

3 amino acids that act as neurotransmitters (NTs)
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Glycine
  2. Gamma(y)-aminobutryic acid (GABA)
  3. Glutamate
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10
Q

5 types of Monoamines= ______________ NTs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- they contain a _______ group in their chemical structure

A

biogenic amines
1. Dopamine
2. Epinephrine
3. Norepinephrine
4. Histamine
5. Serotonin (5-HT)
- amine

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11
Q

The three catecholamines (NTs)
1.
2.
3.

-these are derived from the amino acid _______

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
  • tyrosine
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12
Q

Neuropeptides=
1.
2.

A

peptides neurotransmitters
1. Substance P
2. Opioid peptides

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13
Q

____________ is the rate-limiting enzyme that synthesizes dopamine while ___________ turns DOPA into dopamine

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA decarboxylase

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14
Q

Another name for norepinephrine and epinephrine=

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline

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15
Q

Two major enzymes that are responsible for catecholamine CATABOLISM in the brain:
1.
2.

A
  1. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  2. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)
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16
Q

Steps that lead from the AP arriving at synaptic terminal to the release of NTs
1. AP arrives at ____________
2. Voltage-gated _____ channels open (due to __________ from arrival of AP) and it enters the axon terminal
3. ____- entry causes NT-containing _______ ________ to release their contents by exocytosis
4. NT diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to _____-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

A
  1. axon terminal
  2. Ca2+; depolarization
  3. Ca2+ ; synaptic vesicles
  4. ligand
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17
Q

Glutamate= __________ neurotransmitter
- this means it will produce _________ (make more positive) on the postsynaptic membrane

GABA= ________ neurotransmitter
-this means it will produce _________ (less likely to generate an AP)

A

excitatory
- depolarization

inhibitory
- hyperpolarization

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18
Q

EPSP=
IPSP=
both _____ ______ potentials
produced in the ____________

A
  • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
  • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
  • local graded
  • postsynaptic terminal
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19
Q

resting membrane potential (RMP) = around _____ mV
threshold voltage to trigger an AP in a neuron= usually around _____ mV

A

-70 mV
-55 mV

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20
Q

Ions responsible for inducing an EPSP=
- these ions go inside (=_______)
Ions responsible for inducing an IPSP=
- these ions go outside (=_______)
- the other ion go inside (=______)

A

Sodium Na+
- influx
Potassium K+; Chloride Cl-
- efflux
-influx

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21
Q

GABA-A receptor

  • the alpha, beta, gamma letters on the GABA-A receptor represent….
A

different proteins that form the receptor, they are sometimes referred as subunits

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22
Q

GABA binds to a site near the junction of alpha and beta subunits, and this causes conformational changes that open the _______ ion channel (influx of ions) which leads to neuronal membrane ___________

A

chloride; hyperpolarization

23
Q

3 ways for concluding synaptic transmission
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Enzymatic degradation
  2. Diffusion
  3. Reuptake by presynaptic neurons
24
Q

Examples of enzymatic degadation

A

COMT and MOA-A —> degrades biogenic amines
Acetylcholinesterase–> degrades acetylcholine

25
Example of reuptake by presynaptic neuron
SERT= serotonin transporter
26
4 dopaminergic pathways in the brain 1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Nigrostriatal 2. Mesocortical 3. Mesolimbic 4. Tuberofundibular
27
The nigrostriatal pathway connects the __________ located in the midbrain with the _______ (caudate and putamen), within the basal ganglia
substantia nigra; striatum
28
The nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for _____ __________ - abnormalities that would arise form the impairment of structures associated with the nigrostriatal pathway= - decreased activity= __________ (parkinsonian symptoms) - increased activity= __________ (movement disorders)
motor movement - motor disorders - hypokinetic - hyperkinetic
29
the term "kinetic"=
"of motion" (movement)
30
a mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior, often leading to impaired perception of reality - positive symptoms= - negative symptoms=
Schizophrenia - hallucinations - apathy, lack of motivation
31
2 pathways related to schizophrenia 1. ____________ pathway= cognitive and negative symptoms 2. ___________ pathway= positive symptoms
1. Mesocortical 2. Mesolimbic
32
VTA= ___________ located in _______
Ventral Tegmental Area; midbrain
33
The mesocortical pathway connects the _______ with the _________ _______ and it controls......
VTA; prefrontal cortex; emotions and affect, planning, judgement
34
The mesolimbic pathway connects the ______ with the ______ ______ (part of the limbic system) and it controls.....
VTA; nucleus accumbens; motivation and reward
35
____________ of dopamine receptor-1 (D1) in the _________ pathway contributes to __________ symptoms of schizophrenia
dysfunction; mesocortical; negative
36
_____________ of the D2 receptor in the __________ pathway contributes to _________ symptom of schizophrenia
hyperfunction; mesolimbic; positive
37
The hypothalamic nucleus that is considered the "infundibular nucleus"= - the tuberoinfundibular pathway projects from the __________ to the anterior ________ ________
arcuate nucleus - hypothalamus; pituitary gland
38
The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway causes the inhibition of __________ release
prolactin
39
neuroplasticity= synaptic plasticity=
- the ability of the brain to change, or rewire, throughout a person's life - the process of neuroplasticity occurring at the single-cell level (individual synapse)
40
Two factors that determine whether changes in synaptic strength are temporary or long-lasting
intensity and reoccurrence of the signal the synapse receives
41
Temporary= ____________ memory Long-lasting= ___________ memory
short-term long-term
42
Two methods by which the neuron can temporarily increase its synaptic strength 1. 2.
1. increasing the amount of NTs released 2. Increasing the number of postsynaptic receptors available
43
Two types of long-lasting neuroplastic changes? 1. 2.
1. Structural 2. Functional
44
2 examples of structural neuroplastic changes 1. 2. - _________ or _________ activities are required to produce structural neuroplastic changes
1. growth of new dendritic spines and synaptic connections 2. Changes in cortical areas - strong; sustained
45
neurons may adopt a new function when they are sufficiently stimulated (after a stroke) which is a _________ change, which are ___________ changes
functional; long-lasting
46
what is a stroke?
sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain
47
The __________ is considered a "memory-forming center" Long-term memories are consolidated and storage in various areas of the _______ _______
hippocampus cerebral cortex
48
LTD= - is a long-term _________ of a synaptic connection - it allows for _________ connections to be LOST and makes synapses that have undergone LTP that much ________ by comparison LTP= - is a persistent __________ of a synaptic connection - base to create ____________
Long-term depression - weakening - unimportant - stronger Long-term potentiation - strengthening - new memories
49
LTP is caused by....
high-frequency signals (strong experience) or repeated stimulations (studying, revising)
50
Synaptic plasticity follows the "___________________" rule: frequently used synapses are strengthened while rarely used connections are eliminated
use it or lose it
51
AMPA and NMDA receptors are located on the same ___________ neuron and they recognize the NT _________
postsynaptic; glutamate
52
The mechanism of LTP in the hippocampus 1. Glutamate released first activates ______ receptors which causes _____ influx 2. Frequent ______ receptors stimulation by glutamate will cause the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize even more, causing the release of _______ from the NMDA-R allowing ______ to flow in through it 3. This _____ influx initiates cellular mechanism that cause more ________ to be inserted into the neuron's mb 4. Now, the postsynaptic cell is more _______ to glutamate because it has more receptors to respond to it (this type of change is _________) - Ca2+ also promotes the _____________________ which is considered long-lasting change
1. AMPA; Na+ 2. AMPA; Mg2+; Ca2+ 3. Ca2+; AMPA receptors 4. sensitive; temporary (short-term) - growth of dendritic spines
53
Mechanism of LTD at the glutamatergic synapse - low firing rate of the presynaptic neuron---> few ________ molecules which causes intracellular Ca2+ ions that stimulate ________ of AMPA receptors - LTD induces dendritic spine _________ and synaptic ______ therefore memory ______
- glutamate; endocytosis - shrinkage; loss; loss

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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