Lecture 18 Flashcards by Priscilla Gallardo

Forebrain= _____________
Two divisions
1.
2.

prosencephalon
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon

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Diencephalon
- located:
- primary subdivisions:

centrally deep within the forebrain, surrounding the third ventricle, above the brainstem and below the cerebral cortex
thalamus; epithalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus

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Function of thalamus:

sensory relay station
-each side of the brain has a thalamus (works together as one)

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Function of epithalamus:

emotions & circadian rhythms

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Functions of hypothalamus:

major control center of endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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Function of subthalamus:

motor functions (forms part of the basal ganglia circuit–> involved in regulating voluntary motor movements)

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The thalamus main functions
- it acts as a “_____ _______ or gateway” for information traveling to and from different parts of the brain. Nearly all input to the ________ synapses in the thalamus
- sensory signals that typically pass through it: __________ and ________ info plus _______________ info from the periphery
- __________ (smell) and _________ (taste) sensory signals DO NOT PASS it

-relay station; gateway
- cerebrum
- visual; auditory; somatosensory
- olfactory; gustatory

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5 major function groups of nuclei (thalamus):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Medial group
Anterior group
Lateral group
Posterior group
Ventral group

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Medial group on thalamus function:

emotions

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Anterior group on thalamus function:

part of limbic system (memory and emotion)

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Lateral group on thalamus function:

somatosensory output to association areas of cortex

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Posterior group on thalamus
- composed of two nuclei
1. ___________: relays visual signals to occipital lobe
2. __________: relays auditory signals to temporal lobe

lateral geniculate nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus

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Ventral group on the thalamus function:

somatosensory output to primary cortex (postcentral gyrus)
signals from cerebellum & basal nuclei to motor areas of cortex

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Epithalamus
- very small mass of tissue composed mainly of:
1.
2.

habenula
Pineal body (gland)

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Habenula of epithalamus function:

a relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

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Pineal gland function:

endocrine gland
produces melatonin

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homeostasis=
- the ________ plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes and fluctuations
- hypothalamus

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The hypothalamus has a collection of around ______ nuclei (____ pairs)

22; 11

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Hypothalamic nuclei responsible for hormone secretion:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Arcuate nucleus
Medial preoptic nucleus
Paraventricular (PVN)
Supraoptic nuclei

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Hypothalamic nuclei and their functions
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus:
- Mammillary nucleus:
- Dorsomedial nucleus:

the master circadian clock
memory formation
rage & other emotions

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3 Hypothalamic nuclei related to feeding behavior and their functions:
1. _________: receives signals from GI tract and adipose tissue (leptin) & regulates both satiety and feeding centers
2. __________: “Satiety center”= decrease eating; also contains glucose sensing neurons (sense and respond to changes in blood glucose levels)
3. _______________: “feeding center”= hunger; increase eating

arcuate
ventromedial nuclei
lateral hypothalamic area

5 lobes of the cerebrum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
4.Temporal
Insula

Functions of the frontal lobe:

planning and judgement
speech production (Broca’s area)
voluntary motor control
social interaction

Functions of the parietal lobe:

integrates general senses (pain, temp., touch, vibration, and proprioception) and taste info

Functions of occipital lobe:

principal visual center of brain

Functions of temporal lobe:

hearing, smell, verbal/visual/auditory memory, language comprehension (wernicke's area)

Functions of insula:

- visceral sensation - empathy

___________= decision-making, impulse control, and reasoning - ______ lobe is responsible for this

executive functions - FRONTAL

White matter tracks are classified according to the __________ they run: Types 1. 2. 3.

direction 1. Association tracts 2. Projection tracts 3. Commissural tracts

Association tracts: -they ________ different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere= also called ______________ tracts Types 1. _______: connect lobes 2. _______: connect gyri within a lobe

connect; intrahemisphereic 1. long fibers 2. short fibers (subcortical U-fibers)

Long fiber association tract that is the core part of the limbic system=

Cingulum

Projection tracts - extend _______ between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers - they may be ________ or _________ tracts examples: 1. _____________ 2. _____________

- vertically - efferent; afferent 1. corna radiata (corticospinal tract) 2. Fornix--> main efferent system of the hippocampus & important part of the limbic system

Commissural tracts - transmit information from one __________ to the other Example: 1. ____________: consists of more than ______ million fibers that interconnect the corresponding regions of almost all parts of the two hemispheres 2. __________: plays a role in the inter hemispheric transfer of ___________ information between temporal lobes

- hemisphere 1. Corpus callosum; 200 2. Anterior commissure; olfactory

Basal nuclei=

group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

3 components of the basal ganglia (nuclei) 1. 2. 3. the basal nuclei is involved in _______ control: receive input from the __________ ______ of the midbrain and motor areas of the cortex (and send signals back)

1. Putamen 2. Globus pallidus 3. Caudate motor; substantia nigra

The putamen and caudate together is referred as=

"corpus striatum or striatum"

There are ______ pairs (____ total) of cranial nerves that are part of the ______ except for CN I & II (_______ and ______) which are part of the CNS -they arise primarily from the ________ (except for CN XI which arise from _________)

- 12; 24; PNS; olfactory and optic - brainstem; spinal cord

In cranial nerves: - most carry fibers between the brainstem and ____________ receptors and effectors: a lesion in ONE side of the brainstem causes a sensory or motor deficit on the same side of the head -exception: CN ____ and _____

- ipsilateral - II and IV

Recall the cranial nerves: OLd OPpie OCcasionally TRes TRIgonometry And Feels Very GLOomy VAgue And HYPOactive

I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal

Olfactory Nerve (I)= _______ -sense of ______ -damage= ___________

sensory - smell - anosmia (loss of smell)

The Optic Nerve (II)=______ - transmits _______ signals from the ________ of the eye to the brain - damage=__________

sensory -visual; retina -blindess

The Oculomotor Nerve (III)=_______ - it controls most of the ________ ________, allowing for precise eye movements - innervation of the ______ and ______, and upper eyelid - damage=

motor - extraocular muscles - pupils; lens - impairment in normal vision

The Trochlear never (IV)= ______ - it control muscles that allow us to look _______ and move our eyes towards or away from our ______ - damage=

motor - down; nose - double vision

The Trigeminal Nerve (V): ________ -it divides into 3 branches: 1. ___________= sensory 2. __________= sensory 3. __________= both (mastication--> CHEWING) - Damage=

both 1. ophthalmic division 2. maxillary division 3. mandibular division - to one of these divisions results in loss of sensation from the respective region of the face

Abducens Nerve (VI)= _____ - eye movement for ________ vision

motor - lateral

Facial nerve (VII)=________ -the major motor nerve control ______ _______ - sensory for ______ 5 branches: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

both - facial muscles - taste 1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Mandibular 5. Cervical

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)= ______ - ________ and ________ -_________ nerve and ________ nerve combined - damage=

sensory -hearing; equilibrium - vestibular; cochlear - deafness, nystagmus

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)=________ - innervate ______,______, and ________ - damage=

both - pharynx, tongue, parotid gland - difficulty swallowing, loss of bitter and sour taste sensations

Vagus nerve (X)= _______ -it has the most extensive distribution of any CN - it supplies the ______ of the chest and abdomen - it is primarily associated with the __________ division of the autonomic NS - major role in the control of __________, ___________ ,_________, and _________ function - damage=

both -organs - parasympathetic - cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, urinary - a variety of clinical conditions, FATAL if both are cut

The (Spinal) Accessory Nerve (XI)= ______ - it arises from the upper ____ ____ - controls ________ and the _______ and _______ muscles - damage=

motor - spinal cord - swallowing; neck; shoulder - shoulder pain

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)= ______ - controls ______ movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing - ________ and _______ muscles of the tongue

motor - tongue - intrinsic; extrinsic

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Lecture 18 Flashcards

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