Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain= _____________
Two divisions
1.
2.

A

prosencephalon
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon

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2
Q

Diencephalon
- located:
- primary subdivisions:

A
  • centrally deep within the forebrain, surrounding the third ventricle, above the brainstem and below the cerebral cortex
  • thalamus; epithalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus
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3
Q

Function of thalamus:

A

sensory relay station
-each side of the brain has a thalamus (works together as one)

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4
Q

Function of epithalamus:

A

emotions & circadian rhythms

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5
Q

Functions of hypothalamus:

A

major control center of endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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6
Q

Function of subthalamus:

A

motor functions (forms part of the basal ganglia circuit–> involved in regulating voluntary motor movements)

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7
Q

The thalamus main functions
- it acts as a “_____ _______ or gateway” for information traveling to and from different parts of the brain. Nearly all input to the ________ synapses in the thalamus
- sensory signals that typically pass through it: __________ and ________ info plus _______________ info from the periphery
- __________ (smell) and _________ (taste) sensory signals DO NOT PASS it

A

-relay station; gateway
- cerebrum
- visual; auditory; somatosensory
- olfactory; gustatory

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8
Q

5 major function groups of nuclei (thalamus):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Medial group
  2. Anterior group
  3. Lateral group
  4. Posterior group
  5. Ventral group
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9
Q

Medial group on thalamus function:

A

emotions

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10
Q

Anterior group on thalamus function:

A

part of limbic system (memory and emotion)

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11
Q

Lateral group on thalamus function:

A

somatosensory output to association areas of cortex

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12
Q

Posterior group on thalamus
- composed of two nuclei
1. ___________: relays visual signals to occipital lobe
2. __________: relays auditory signals to temporal lobe

A
  1. lateral geniculate nucleus
  2. Medial geniculate nucleus
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13
Q

Ventral group on the thalamus function:

A

somatosensory output to primary cortex (postcentral gyrus)
signals from cerebellum & basal nuclei to motor areas of cortex

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14
Q

Epithalamus
- very small mass of tissue composed mainly of:
1.
2.

A
  1. habenula
  2. Pineal body (gland)
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15
Q

Habenula of epithalamus function:

A

a relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

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16
Q

Pineal gland function:

A

endocrine gland
produces melatonin

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17
Q

homeostasis=
- the ________ plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes and fluctuations
- hypothalamus

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18
Q

The hypothalamus has a collection of around ______ nuclei (____ pairs)

A

22; 11

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19
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei responsible for hormone secretion:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Arcuate nucleus
  2. Medial preoptic nucleus
  3. Paraventricular (PVN)
  4. Supraoptic nuclei
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20
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and their functions
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus:
- Mammillary nucleus:
- Dorsomedial nucleus:

A
  • the master circadian clock
  • memory formation
  • rage & other emotions
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21
Q

3 Hypothalamic nuclei related to feeding behavior and their functions:
1. _________: receives signals from GI tract and adipose tissue (leptin) & regulates both satiety and feeding centers
2. __________: “Satiety center”= decrease eating; also contains glucose sensing neurons (sense and respond to changes in blood glucose levels)
3. _______________: “feeding center”= hunger; increase eating

A
  1. arcuate
  2. ventromedial nuclei
  3. lateral hypothalamic area
22
Q

5 lobes of the cerebrum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
    4.Temporal
  4. Insula
23
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe:

A
  • planning and judgement
  • speech production (Broca’s area)
  • voluntary motor control
  • social interaction
24
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe:

A

integrates general senses (pain, temp., touch, vibration, and proprioception) and taste info

25
Functions of occipital lobe:
principal visual center of brain
26
Functions of temporal lobe:
hearing, smell, verbal/visual/auditory memory, language comprehension (wernicke's area)
27
Functions of insula:
- visceral sensation - empathy
28
___________= decision-making, impulse control, and reasoning - ______ lobe is responsible for this
executive functions - FRONTAL
29
White matter tracks are classified according to the __________ they run: Types 1. 2. 3.
direction 1. Association tracts 2. Projection tracts 3. Commissural tracts
30
Association tracts: -they ________ different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere= also called ______________ tracts Types 1. _______: connect lobes 2. _______: connect gyri within a lobe
connect; intrahemisphereic 1. long fibers 2. short fibers (subcortical U-fibers)
31
Long fiber association tract that is the core part of the limbic system=
Cingulum
32
Projection tracts - extend _______ between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers - they may be ________ or _________ tracts examples: 1. _____________ 2. _____________
- vertically - efferent; afferent 1. corna radiata (corticospinal tract) 2. Fornix--> main efferent system of the hippocampus & important part of the limbic system
33
Commissural tracts - transmit information from one __________ to the other Example: 1. ____________: consists of more than ______ million fibers that interconnect the corresponding regions of almost all parts of the two hemispheres 2. __________: plays a role in the inter hemispheric transfer of ___________ information between temporal lobes
- hemisphere 1. Corpus callosum; 200 2. Anterior commissure; olfactory
34
Basal nuclei=
group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus
35
3 components of the basal ganglia (nuclei) 1. 2. 3. the basal nuclei is involved in _______ control: receive input from the __________ ______ of the midbrain and motor areas of the cortex (and send signals back)
1. Putamen 2. Globus pallidus 3. Caudate motor; substantia nigra
36
The putamen and caudate together is referred as=
"corpus striatum or striatum"
37
There are ______ pairs (____ total) of cranial nerves that are part of the ______ except for CN I & II (_______ and ______) which are part of the CNS -they arise primarily from the ________ (except for CN XI which arise from _________)
- 12; 24; PNS; olfactory and optic - brainstem; spinal cord
38
In cranial nerves: - most carry fibers between the brainstem and ____________ receptors and effectors: a lesion in ONE side of the brainstem causes a sensory or motor deficit on the same side of the head -exception: CN ____ and _____
- ipsilateral - II and IV
39
Recall the cranial nerves: OLd OPpie OCcasionally TRes TRIgonometry And Feels Very GLOomy VAgue And HYPOactive
I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal
40
Olfactory Nerve (I)= _______ -sense of ______ -damage= ___________
sensory - smell - anosmia (loss of smell)
41
The Optic Nerve (II)=______ - transmits _______ signals from the ________ of the eye to the brain - damage=__________
sensory -visual; retina -blindess
42
The Oculomotor Nerve (III)=_______ - it controls most of the ________ ________, allowing for precise eye movements - innervation of the ______ and ______, and upper eyelid - damage=
motor - extraocular muscles - pupils; lens - impairment in normal vision
43
The Trochlear never (IV)= ______ - it control muscles that allow us to look _______ and move our eyes towards or away from our ______ - damage=
motor - down; nose - double vision
44
The Trigeminal Nerve (V): ________ -it divides into 3 branches: 1. ___________= sensory 2. __________= sensory 3. __________= both (mastication--> CHEWING) - Damage=
both 1. ophthalmic division 2. maxillary division 3. mandibular division - to one of these divisions results in loss of sensation from the respective region of the face
45
Abducens Nerve (VI)= _____ - eye movement for ________ vision
motor - lateral
46
Facial nerve (VII)=________ -the major motor nerve control ______ _______ - sensory for ______ 5 branches: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
both - facial muscles - taste 1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Mandibular 5. Cervical
47
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)= ______ - ________ and ________ -_________ nerve and ________ nerve combined - damage=
sensory -hearing; equilibrium - vestibular; cochlear - deafness, nystagmus
48
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)=________ - innervate ______,______, and ________ - damage=
both - pharynx, tongue, parotid gland - difficulty swallowing, loss of bitter and sour taste sensations
49
Vagus nerve (X)= _______ -it has the most extensive distribution of any CN - it supplies the ______ of the chest and abdomen - it is primarily associated with the __________ division of the autonomic NS - major role in the control of __________, ___________ ,_________, and _________ function - damage=
both -organs - parasympathetic - cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, urinary - a variety of clinical conditions, FATAL if both are cut
50
The (Spinal) Accessory Nerve (XI)= ______ - it arises from the upper ____ ____ - controls ________ and the _______ and _______ muscles - damage=
motor - spinal cord - swallowing; neck; shoulder - shoulder pain
51
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)= ______ - controls ______ movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing - ________ and _______ muscles of the tongue
motor - tongue - intrinsic; extrinsic