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BIOL 203 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain= _____________
Two divisions
1.
2.

A

prosencephalon
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon

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2
Q

Diencephalon
- located:
- primary subdivisions:

A
  • centrally deep within the forebrain, surrounding the third ventricle, above the brainstem and below the cerebral cortex
  • thalamus; epithalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus
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3
Q

Function of thalamus:

A

sensory relay station
-each side of the brain has a thalamus (works together as one)

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4
Q

Function of epithalamus:

A

emotions & circadian rhythms

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5
Q

Functions of hypothalamus:

A

major control center of endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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6
Q

Function of subthalamus:

A

motor functions (forms part of the basal ganglia circuit–> involved in regulating voluntary motor movements)

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7
Q

The thalamus main functions
- it acts as a “_____ _______ or gateway” for information traveling to and from different parts of the brain. Nearly all input to the ________ synapses in the thalamus
- sensory signals that typically pass through it: __________ and ________ info plus _______________ info from the periphery
- __________ (smell) and _________ (taste) sensory signals DO NOT PASS it

A

-relay station; gateway
- cerebrum
- visual; auditory; somatosensory
- olfactory; gustatory

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8
Q

5 major function groups of nuclei (thalamus):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Medial group
  2. Anterior group
  3. Lateral group
  4. Posterior group
  5. Ventral group
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9
Q

Medial group on thalamus function:

A

emotions

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10
Q

Anterior group on thalamus function:

A

part of limbic system (memory and emotion)

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11
Q

Lateral group on thalamus function:

A

somatosensory output to association areas of cortex

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12
Q

Posterior group on thalamus
- composed of two nuclei
1. ___________: relays visual signals to occipital lobe
2. __________: relays auditory signals to temporal lobe

A
  1. lateral geniculate nucleus
  2. Medial geniculate nucleus
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13
Q

Ventral group on the thalamus function:

A

somatosensory output to primary cortex (postcentral gyrus)
signals from cerebellum & basal nuclei to motor areas of cortex

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14
Q

Epithalamus
- very small mass of tissue composed mainly of:
1.
2.

A
  1. habenula
  2. Pineal body (gland)
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15
Q

Habenula of epithalamus function:

A

a relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

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16
Q

Pineal gland function:

A

endocrine gland
produces melatonin

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17
Q

homeostasis=
- the ________ plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes and fluctuations
- hypothalamus

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18
Q

The hypothalamus has a collection of around ______ nuclei (____ pairs)

A

22; 11

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19
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei responsible for hormone secretion:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Arcuate nucleus
  2. Medial preoptic nucleus
  3. Paraventricular (PVN)
  4. Supraoptic nuclei
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20
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei and their functions
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus:
- Mammillary nucleus:
- Dorsomedial nucleus:

A
  • the master circadian clock
  • memory formation
  • rage & other emotions
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21
Q

3 Hypothalamic nuclei related to feeding behavior and their functions:
1. _________: receives signals from GI tract and adipose tissue (leptin) & regulates both satiety and feeding centers
2. __________: “Satiety center”= decrease eating; also contains glucose sensing neurons (sense and respond to changes in blood glucose levels)
3. _______________: “feeding center”= hunger; increase eating

A
  1. arcuate
  2. ventromedial nuclei
  3. lateral hypothalamic area
22
Q

5 lobes of the cerebrum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
    4.Temporal
  4. Insula
23
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe:

A
  • planning and judgement
  • speech production (Broca’s area)
  • voluntary motor control
  • social interaction
24
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe:

A

integrates general senses (pain, temp., touch, vibration, and proprioception) and taste info

25
Q

Functions of occipital lobe:

A

principal visual center of brain

26
Q

Functions of temporal lobe:

A

hearing, smell, verbal/visual/auditory memory, language comprehension (wernicke’s area)

27
Q

Functions of insula:

A
  • visceral sensation
  • empathy
28
Q

___________= decision-making, impulse control, and reasoning
- ______ lobe is responsible for this

A

executive functions
- FRONTAL

29
Q

White matter tracks are classified according to the __________ they run:

Types
1.
2.
3.

A

direction
1. Association tracts
2. Projection tracts
3. Commissural tracts

30
Q

Association tracts:
-they ________ different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere= also called ______________ tracts
Types
1. _______: connect lobes
2. _______: connect gyri within a lobe

A

connect; intrahemisphereic
1. long fibers
2. short fibers (subcortical U-fibers)

31
Q

Long fiber association tract that is the core part of the limbic system=

A

Cingulum

32
Q

Projection tracts
- extend _______ between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers
- they may be ________ or _________ tracts

examples:
1. _____________
2. _____________

A
  • vertically
  • efferent; afferent
    1. corna radiata (corticospinal tract)
    2. Fornix–> main efferent system of the hippocampus & important part of the limbic system
33
Q

Commissural tracts
- transmit information from one __________ to the other

Example:
1. ____________: consists of more than ______ million fibers that interconnect the corresponding regions of almost all parts of the two hemispheres
2. __________: plays a role in the inter hemispheric transfer of ___________ information between temporal lobes

A
  • hemisphere
    1. Corpus callosum; 200
    2. Anterior commissure; olfactory
34
Q

Basal nuclei=

A

group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

35
Q

3 components of the basal ganglia (nuclei)
1.
2.
3.

the basal nuclei is involved in _______ control: receive input from the __________ ______ of the midbrain and motor areas of the cortex (and send signals back)

A
  1. Putamen
  2. Globus pallidus
  3. Caudate

motor; substantia nigra

36
Q

The putamen and caudate together is referred as=

A

“corpus striatum or striatum”

37
Q

There are ______ pairs (____ total) of cranial nerves that are part of the ______
except for CN I & II (_______ and ______) which are part of the CNS

-they arise primarily from the ________ (except for CN XI which arise from _________)

A
  • 12; 24; PNS; olfactory and optic
  • brainstem; spinal cord
38
Q

In cranial nerves:
- most carry fibers between the brainstem and ____________ receptors and effectors: a lesion in ONE side of the brainstem causes a sensory or motor deficit on the same side of the head
-exception: CN ____ and _____

A
  • ipsilateral
  • II and IV
39
Q

Recall the cranial nerves:
OLd
OPpie
OCcasionally
TRes
TRIgonometry
And
Feels
Very
GLOomy
VAgue
And
HYPOactive

A

I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: Oculomotor
IV: Trochlear
V: Trigeminal
VI: Abducens
VII: Facial
VIII: Vestibulocochlear
IX: Glossopharyngeal
X: Vagus
XI: Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal

40
Q

Olfactory Nerve (I)= _______
-sense of ______
-damage= ___________

A

sensory
- smell
- anosmia (loss of smell)

41
Q

The Optic Nerve (II)=______
- transmits _______ signals from the ________ of the eye to the brain
- damage=__________

A

sensory
-visual; retina
-blindess

42
Q

The Oculomotor Nerve (III)=_______
- it controls most of the ________ ________, allowing for precise eye movements
- innervation of the ______ and ______, and upper eyelid
- damage=

A

motor
- extraocular muscles
- pupils; lens
- impairment in normal vision

43
Q

The Trochlear never (IV)= ______
- it control muscles that allow us to look _______ and move our eyes towards or away from our ______
- damage=

A

motor
- down; nose
- double vision

44
Q

The Trigeminal Nerve (V): ________
-it divides into 3 branches:
1. ___________= sensory
2. __________= sensory
3. __________= both (mastication–> CHEWING)
- Damage=

A

both
1. ophthalmic division
2. maxillary division
3. mandibular division
- to one of these divisions results in loss of sensation from the respective region of the face

45
Q

Abducens Nerve (VI)= _____
- eye movement for ________ vision

A

motor
- lateral

46
Q

Facial nerve (VII)=________
-the major motor nerve control ______ _______
- sensory for ______
5 branches:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A

both
- facial muscles
- taste
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Mandibular
5. Cervical

47
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)= ______
- ________ and ________
-_________ nerve and ________ nerve combined
- damage=

A

sensory
-hearing; equilibrium
- vestibular; cochlear
- deafness, nystagmus

48
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)=________
- innervate ______,______, and ________
- damage=

A

both
- pharynx, tongue, parotid gland
- difficulty swallowing, loss of bitter and sour taste sensations

49
Q

Vagus nerve (X)= _______
-it has the most extensive distribution of any CN
- it supplies the ______ of the chest and abdomen
- it is primarily associated with the __________ division of the autonomic NS
- major role in the control of __________, ___________ ,_________, and _________ function
- damage=

A

both
-organs
- parasympathetic
- cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, urinary
- a variety of clinical conditions, FATAL if both are cut

50
Q

The (Spinal) Accessory Nerve (XI)= ______
- it arises from the upper ____ ____
- controls ________ and the _______ and _______ muscles
- damage=

A

motor
- spinal cord
- swallowing; neck; shoulder
- shoulder pain

51
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)= ______
- controls ______ movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing
- ________ and _______ muscles of the tongue

A

motor
- tongue
- intrinsic; extrinsic

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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