Lecture 26 Flashcards
ADH stands for _____________
- another name is ___________ because it produces vasoconstriction (decrease blood vessel diameter by vascular smooth cell contraction)
Anti-diuretic hormone
- vasopressin
ADH is produced by the hypothalamus (_______________ and ____________ nuclei); stored and released by _________ pituitary gland
paraventricular; supraoptic; posterior
anti-diuresis means: ________________________
“against- excessive urine production”
- increasing __________ ______________ (hemoconcentration) triggers the secretion of ADH
For example:
- Excessive sweating–> ADH will restore the water lost during physical activity
blood osmolality
Diabetes Insipidus
- concentration of sodium= ________________
- water volume= ______________
- blood pressure= _____________
- skin condition= ______________
- urine= __________
- increased
- decreased
- decreased
- dry
- diluted
Central diabetes insipidus= ____________ secretion of ADH
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus= failure of __________ to respond to ADH
decreased
kidney
SIADH= _______________________________
- ___________ production of ADH
- concentration of sodium= ___________
- water volume= _____________
- blood pressure= ___________
- urine= ___________________
- _________ due to ion concentration changes
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
- excessive
- decreased
- increased
- increased
- stick and thick
- seizures
Two components of the adrenal gland
1.
2.
Three layers (or zones) of the adrenal cortex
1.
2.
3.
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla (inside)
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Hormones produced by…
- Zona glomerulosa= ________________________
- Zona fasciculata= _________________________
- Collective term used for these hormones= ________________
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- corticosteroids
Hormones produced by…
- zona reticularis= ____________ (mostly _______)
- require __________ _______ to active sex steroids (testosterone & dihydrotestosterone)
- androgens (DHEA)
- peripheral conversion
DHEA stands for ________________________
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Hormones produced by…
- adrenal medulla= _________________ (mostly _______________, but also _____________ and __________)
- these are secreted by _________ cells (sympathetic postganglionic neurons, without dendrites or axon= neuroendocrine cells)
- ______________________= a benign tumor that effects cells that continuously overproduces catecholamines)
- catecholamines (epinephrine; norepinephrine; dopamine)
- chromaffin
- pheochromocytoma
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain ________
and _______ is retained with it by osmosis
- increasing circulating volume and therefore ________ blood pressure
sodium; water
- increasing
Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid and increases in response to _______
- it suppresses the _________ system, which is the basis for immunosuppressive drug therapy with glucocortitoids
stress; immune
Effects of cortisol on metabolism in…
Muscles:
- increases protein _________ in order to use amino acids to form _______
- also _________ glucose uptake
Liver:
- __________ gluconeogenesis
Adipose tissue:
- ____________ abdominal fat
- but also ____________ lipolysis in peripheral fat
Overall effect is _______________
- catabolism; glucose
- decreases
- increase
- increases
- increases
hyperglycemia
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the ______ axis= _________________________
- ______ from hypothalamus stimulates the release of ______ from anterior pituitary gland which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
HPA= Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- CRH; ACTH
Adrenal Androgens is regulated by ________
- they have ______ biological activity, but in many tissues (like the gonads) they are transformed into _______________ and ____________ which are more potent forms
ACTH
- low; testosterone; dihydrotestosterone
__________ (secretion of adrenal androgens) occurs years______ __________ (secretion of gonadal sex steroids)
Adrenarche; BEFORE; gonadarche
Main functions of adrenal androgens in…
- Fetus: prenatal development of _______ _______________ _______
- At puberty: stimulation of growth of pubic and axillary ______ and their associated apocrine _______ glands
- male reproductive tract
- hair; sweat
In women, excessive adrenal androgens production= ______________ which is the development of masculine physical traits
virilization
The main adrenal estrogen= ______________
- this hormone source is important after _________: the ovaries no longer function & only the adrenals secrete estrogen
Estradiol
- menopause
Cushing’s Syndrome is attributed to the hyper secretion of ____________
cortisol
Adrenogenital Syndrome (aka __________________)
- hyper secretion of _______
- caused by excessive production of _______
Primary adrenal insufficiency (aka ____________)
- hypo secretion of _________
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- DHEA
- ACTH
Addison’s Disease
- adrenocortical hormones
What stimulates release of GH:
- _________
- _________ (physical and/or emotional)
- _________
- _________ (secreted by stomach, produce hunger sensation)
these all increase levels of _________
What inhibits GH release
- ________
- ________
- sleep
- stress
- hypoglycemia
- gherlin
GHRH - aging
- carbohydrates
Effects of GH on adipose tissue:
Glucose-sparing effects
- __________ lipolysis (fats are broken down to serve as source of energy)
- ________ glucose uptake
Effects of GH on liver:
Diabetogenic Effects
- ____________ glucose production
- induce the liver to secrete GH stimulants called _________ (______)
- increase
- decrease
- increase
- insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I)
GH exert growth effects by….
- increasing cell _______ and proliferation
- increasing ______ length and _______ mass (done by protein synthesis and ____ transportation into cells)
- growth
- bone; muscle; AA
IGF-I has growth effects and __________ GH action
prolongs
Disorders related to GH
1.
2.
3.
- Gigantism
- Pituitary dwarfism
- Acromegaly
The disorders related to hyper secretion of GH are
_______________ and _____________
gigantism; acromegaly
Gigantism
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH in ___________ or _______, before the epiphyseal plates (growth zones) of the long bones are depleted
Acromegaly
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH in __________, after the epiphyseal plates have closed
- childhood; adolescence
- adulthood
Pituitary Dwarfism
- Cause: _____________ of GH in ____________
hypo secretion; childhood
_________________ describes the body’s response to stress and it has three stages
1.
2.
3.
General Adaption Syndrome
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
Alarm
- when we first __________ something as stressful, and then the body initiates the _______-___-_______ response
- acute _______-_______ intense response
- _______ & ___________ pathways
- perceive; fight-or-flight
- short-term
- neural & neuroendocrine
Resistance
- If the perceived stress continues, the body stays activated at a __________ metabolic level to offset the persistent stress
- chronic _______-______ less intense response
- ________-________ axis
- higher
- long-term
- HPA-Corticoid
Exhaustion
- Prolonged exposure to the stressor will result in the _________ of the body’s resources
- body no longer able to resist stressor—>__________
- energy __________
- depletion
- death
- depleted
During the resistance stage (long-term adjustment)
- the priority is to provide alternative fuels for ____________
- this is because stored glycogen has been depleted during the ________ stage
- so it will increase ______________ (synthesis of glucose from aa’s and fats)
- metabolism
- alarm
- gluconeogenesis
Main adrenal cortex hormone related to stress= __________ and it is most prominent in the _____________ stage
cortisol; resistance (long-term adjustment)
Which hormones secreted by adrenal medulla that play a role in the short-term response to stress (alarm stage)?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
In alarm stage…
- Neural pathway releases _____________
- Neuroendocrine pathway releases ___________
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Vitamin D2 aka ____________
- Vitamin D3 aka ____________
- _____________ constitutes the active form of vitamin D
- Ergocalciferol
- Cholecalciferol
- 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
The ______, _______, and _______ work together to synthesize 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), the active form of vitamin D
skin, liver, kidneys
Sequence pathway of Vitamin D formation
- __________: formulation of cholecalciferol
- liver: transformation into ________________ (major circulating form of vitamin D)
- kidneys: transformation into _______________ (calcium-regulating hormone)
- skin
- 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Molecule in the skin that is made from cholesterol and serves as a precursor for Vitamin D is _____________
7-dehydrocholesterol
______________ is vitamin D3 which can be produced or obtained from dietary sources; the skin produces vitamin D3 when exposed to ______________ radiation from the sun
cholecalciferol; ultraviolet B
EPO stands for _____________
- Secreted by the _______ and _______
Primary function:
- stimulates ____________ to produce erythrocytes
erythropoietin
- liver; kidneys
- red bone marrow
