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BIOL 203 > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

ADH stands for _____________
- another name is ___________ because it produces vasoconstriction (decrease blood vessel diameter by vascular smooth cell contraction)

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
- vasopressin

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2
Q

ADH is produced by the hypothalamus (_______________ and ____________ nuclei); stored and released by _________ pituitary gland

A

paraventricular; supraoptic; posterior

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3
Q

anti-diuresis means: ________________________

A

“against- excessive urine production”

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4
Q
  • increasing __________ ______________ (hemoconcentration) triggers the secretion of ADH

For example:
- Excessive sweating–> ADH will restore the water lost during physical activity

A

blood osmolality

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5
Q

Diabetes Insipidus
- concentration of sodium= ________________
- water volume= ______________
- blood pressure= _____________
- skin condition= ______________
- urine= __________

A
  • increased
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • dry
  • diluted
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6
Q

Central diabetes insipidus= ____________ secretion of ADH
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus= failure of __________ to respond to ADH

A

decreased
kidney

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7
Q

SIADH= _______________________________
- ___________ production of ADH
- concentration of sodium= ___________
- water volume= _____________
- blood pressure= ___________
- urine= ___________________
- _________ due to ion concentration changes

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
- excessive
- decreased
- increased
- increased
- stick and thick
- seizures

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8
Q

Two components of the adrenal gland
1.
2.

Three layers (or zones) of the adrenal cortex
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Adrenal medulla (inside)
  3. Zona glomerulosa
  4. Zona fasciculata
  5. Zona reticularis
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9
Q

Hormones produced by…
- Zona glomerulosa= ________________________
- Zona fasciculata= _________________________

  • Collective term used for these hormones= ________________
A
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • corticosteroids
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10
Q

Hormones produced by…
- zona reticularis= ____________ (mostly _______)
- require __________ _______ to active sex steroids (testosterone & dihydrotestosterone)

A
  • androgens (DHEA)
  • peripheral conversion
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11
Q

DHEA stands for ________________________

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

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12
Q

Hormones produced by…
- adrenal medulla= _________________ (mostly _______________, but also _____________ and __________)
- these are secreted by _________ cells (sympathetic postganglionic neurons, without dendrites or axon= neuroendocrine cells)
- ______________________= a benign tumor that effects cells that continuously overproduces catecholamines)

A
  • catecholamines (epinephrine; norepinephrine; dopamine)
  • chromaffin
  • pheochromocytoma
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13
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain ________
and _______ is retained with it by osmosis
- increasing circulating volume and therefore ________ blood pressure

A

sodium; water
- increasing

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14
Q

Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid and increases in response to _______
- it suppresses the _________ system, which is the basis for immunosuppressive drug therapy with glucocortitoids

A

stress; immune

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15
Q

Effects of cortisol on metabolism in…
Muscles:
- increases protein _________ in order to use amino acids to form _______
- also _________ glucose uptake

Liver:
- __________ gluconeogenesis

Adipose tissue:
- ____________ abdominal fat
- but also ____________ lipolysis in peripheral fat

Overall effect is _______________

A
  • catabolism; glucose
  • decreases
  • increase
  • increases
  • increases

hyperglycemia

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16
Q

Cortisol secretion is regulated by the ______ axis= _________________________

  • ______ from hypothalamus stimulates the release of ______ from anterior pituitary gland which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
A

HPA= Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- CRH; ACTH

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17
Q

Adrenal Androgens is regulated by ________
- they have ______ biological activity, but in many tissues (like the gonads) they are transformed into _______________ and ____________ which are more potent forms

A

ACTH
- low; testosterone; dihydrotestosterone

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18
Q

__________ (secretion of adrenal androgens) occurs years______ __________ (secretion of gonadal sex steroids)

A

Adrenarche; BEFORE; gonadarche

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19
Q

Main functions of adrenal androgens in…
- Fetus: prenatal development of _______ _______________ _______
- At puberty: stimulation of growth of pubic and axillary ______ and their associated apocrine _______ glands

A
  • male reproductive tract
  • hair; sweat
20
Q

In women, excessive adrenal androgens production= ______________ which is the development of masculine physical traits

A

virilization

21
Q

The main adrenal estrogen= ______________
- this hormone source is important after _________: the ovaries no longer function & only the adrenals secrete estrogen

A

Estradiol
- menopause

22
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is attributed to the hyper secretion of ____________

A

cortisol

23
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome (aka __________________)
- hyper secretion of _______
- caused by excessive production of _______

Primary adrenal insufficiency (aka ____________)
- hypo secretion of _________

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- DHEA
- ACTH

Addison’s Disease
- adrenocortical hormones

24
Q

What stimulates release of GH:
- _________
- _________ (physical and/or emotional)
- _________
- _________ (secreted by stomach, produce hunger sensation)
these all increase levels of _________

What inhibits GH release
- ________
- ________

A
  • sleep
  • stress
  • hypoglycemia
  • gherlin
    GHRH
  • aging
  • carbohydrates
25
Q

Effects of GH on adipose tissue:

Glucose-sparing effects
- __________ lipolysis (fats are broken down to serve as source of energy)
- ________ glucose uptake

Effects of GH on liver:

Diabetogenic Effects
- ____________ glucose production
- induce the liver to secrete GH stimulants called _________ (______)

A
  • increase
  • decrease
  • increase
  • insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I)
26
Q

GH exert growth effects by….
- increasing cell _______ and proliferation
- increasing ______ length and _______ mass (done by protein synthesis and ____ transportation into cells)

A
  • growth
  • bone; muscle; AA
27
Q

IGF-I has growth effects and __________ GH action

A

prolongs

28
Q

Disorders related to GH
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Gigantism
  2. Pituitary dwarfism
  3. Acromegaly
29
Q

The disorders related to hyper secretion of GH are
_______________ and _____________

A

gigantism; acromegaly

30
Q

Gigantism
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH in ___________ or _______, before the epiphyseal plates (growth zones) of the long bones are depleted

Acromegaly
- Cause: Hypersecretion of GH in __________, after the epiphyseal plates have closed

A
  • childhood; adolescence
  • adulthood
31
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism
- Cause: _____________ of GH in ____________

A

hypo secretion; childhood

32
Q

_________________ describes the body’s response to stress and it has three stages
1.
2.
3.

A

General Adaption Syndrome
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion

33
Q

Alarm
- when we first __________ something as stressful, and then the body initiates the _______-___-_______ response
- acute _______-_______ intense response
- _______ & ___________ pathways

A
  • perceive; fight-or-flight
  • short-term
  • neural & neuroendocrine
34
Q

Resistance
- If the perceived stress continues, the body stays activated at a __________ metabolic level to offset the persistent stress
- chronic _______-______ less intense response
- ________-________ axis

A
  • higher
  • long-term
  • HPA-Corticoid
35
Q

Exhaustion
- Prolonged exposure to the stressor will result in the _________ of the body’s resources
- body no longer able to resist stressor—>__________
- energy __________

A
  • depletion
  • death
  • depleted
36
Q

During the resistance stage (long-term adjustment)
- the priority is to provide alternative fuels for ____________
- this is because stored glycogen has been depleted during the ________ stage
- so it will increase ______________ (synthesis of glucose from aa’s and fats)

A
  • metabolism
  • alarm
  • gluconeogenesis
37
Q

Main adrenal cortex hormone related to stress= __________ and it is most prominent in the _____________ stage

A

cortisol; resistance (long-term adjustment)

38
Q

Which hormones secreted by adrenal medulla that play a role in the short-term response to stress (alarm stage)?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

39
Q

In alarm stage…
- Neural pathway releases _____________
- Neuroendocrine pathway releases ___________

A
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
40
Q
  • Vitamin D2 aka ____________
  • Vitamin D3 aka ____________
  • _____________ constitutes the active form of vitamin D
A
  • Ergocalciferol
  • Cholecalciferol
  • 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
41
Q

The ______, _______, and _______ work together to synthesize 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), the active form of vitamin D

A

skin, liver, kidneys

42
Q

Sequence pathway of Vitamin D formation
- __________: formulation of cholecalciferol
- liver: transformation into ________________ (major circulating form of vitamin D)
- kidneys: transformation into _______________ (calcium-regulating hormone)

A
  • skin
  • 25-hydroxyvitamin D
  • 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
43
Q

Molecule in the skin that is made from cholesterol and serves as a precursor for Vitamin D is _____________

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

44
Q

______________ is vitamin D3 which can be produced or obtained from dietary sources; the skin produces vitamin D3 when exposed to ______________ radiation from the sun

A

cholecalciferol; ultraviolet B

45
Q

EPO stands for _____________
- Secreted by the _______ and _______

Primary function:
- stimulates ____________ to produce erythrocytes

A

erythropoietin
- liver; kidneys

  • red bone marrow

BIOL 203 (27 decks)

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