Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Med and Surgery II > Lecture 6: Equine nervous system: all other things > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Equine nervous system: all other things Flashcards

1
Q

CSF flows in a ___circulation

A

craniocaudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if you have a patient with suspected thoracic melanoma where do you want to take CSF from Atlanto-occipital space or lumbar

A

lumbar because CSF flows craniocaudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

you perform an atlantooccipital CSF tap if the lesions is above __

A

foramen magnum (cranial to 2nd vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you perform an atlantoocipital CSF tap

A

insert needle at a line between the cranial borders of the atlas, direct needle towards lower jaw with horses head flexed, advance until dura penetrated at about 5cm in 1000lb horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

can draw __mls in 1000lb horse but only __cc in foals for CSF tap

A

90mls, 1-2ccs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the queckenstedts maneuver

A

hold off the jugular to increase flow—> increase back pressure in brain and increase CSF flow to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

you perform a lumbosacral CSF tap if lesion is located ___

A

below the foramen magnum (caudal to second vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you perform LS CSF tap

A

palpate LS space, insert ventrally through the sub lumbar muscles until penetrates ligament I’m flavum and then dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What space is a lateral standing CSF performed between

A

C1-C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some complications from a C1-C2 lateral CSF tap

A

stiff necks, fever, tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what should you do after performing a C1-C2 lateral CSF tap to avoid complications

A

give banamine and keep head above heart until sedation wears off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what produces the toxin swainsonine

A

fungus in the seeds: undilum oxytropis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does swainsonine/ locoweed poisoning cause

A

inhibits alpha mannosidase causing lysosomal storage disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some signs of locoweed/ swainsonine toxicity

A

slow staggering gait, emaciation, ataxia, nervousness that worsens with handling, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is tx for locoweed poisoning

A

no effective tx, mild cases resolve in 1-2 weeks once ingestion ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the toxic in nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

repen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what two plants cause nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A
  1. Yellow star thistle
  2. Russian knapweed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some clinical signs of nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

sudden onset twitching of lips, tongue, flicking, involuntary chewing, poor prehension, weight loss, incoordination, muscle tremors, facial paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do you dx nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

clinical signs and exposure, MRI, necropsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is tx for nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

no treatment, may stabilize but not recover most do poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lead poisoning results in a __ from __

A

peripheral neuropathy from demyeliantion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some clinical signs of lead poisoning

A

dysphagia, aspiration, pneumonia, dysphonia, altered mentation, weight loss, severe incoordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do you dx lead poisoning

A
  1. CSF mild nonspecific increase in cells and protein
  2. Plasma lead levels >0.3ppm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is tx for lead poisoning

A
  1. Remove lead source
  2. Chelation with EDTA 75mg/kg IV daily for 3-5 days
  3. Supportive care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What dz does moldy corn poisoning cause

A

leukoencephalomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what toxin from moldy corn causes leukoencephalomalacia

A

fumonisins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the mechanism of action of fumonisins causing leukoencephalomalacia

A

interfere with shingolipid biosynthesis- critical for cell growth, differentiation and transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the clinical signs of leukoencephalomalacia

A

confusion, obtundation, ataxia, sudden blindness, sweating, head pressing, circling, seizures, recumbent, death within 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do you dx leukoencephalomalacia

A
  1. Clinical signs and exposure to moldy corn
  2. CSF high protein and normal cell count
  3. Liver values high
  4. Liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of brain, grossly visible fluid fill cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What sign of leukoencephalomalacia is pathognomonic

A

liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of the brain, leaving grossly visible fluid filled cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is tx for leukoencephalomalacia

A

no treatment successful, prognosis poor
Can attempt supportive care with anti-inflammatories, anti-oxidants

32
Q

what is fluphenizine

A

neuroleptic agent, antipsychotic human drug

33
Q

toxic reactions from fluphenizine seem with what dose

A

> 3-39ng/ml

34
Q

what are some signs of fluphenizine toxicity

A

extrapyramidal neurological signs, agitation, sweating, violent pawing, self-mutilation, Parkinsonism

35
Q

what is tx for fluphenizine

A
  1. discontinue drug
  2. diphenhydramine or benztropine
36
Q

what is equine dysautonomia also known as

A

grass sickness

37
Q

what is equine dysautonomia

A

acquired degenerative polyneuropathy that predominantly affects the neurons of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems

38
Q

what are the acute clinical signs of equine dysautonomia

A

small intestinal ileus, massive amounts of nasogastric reflux with minimal colic signs, death from hypovolemia

39
Q

what are the subacute signs of equine dysautonomia

A

ileus with minimal reflex, often develop large colon or cecal impaction

40
Q

what are the chronic signs of equine dysautonomia

A

cachexia and myasthenia, development of rhinitis sicca

41
Q

how do you dx equine dysautonomia

A

necropsy findings consistent with stage of disease an autonomic ganglia and enteric nerve degeneration

42
Q

what is tx for acute and subacute equine dysautonomia

A

supportive care until euthanasia

43
Q

what is tx for chronic equine dysautonomia

A

Excellent nutritional support

44
Q

what is prognosis for acute, subacute and chronic equine dysautonomia

A

acute and subacute: 100% fatal
Chronic: 40-50% survive with long term care

45
Q

what are some clinical signs of lyme disease

A

low grade fever, stiffness, lameness in more than one limb, laminitis, anterior uveitis, muscle tenderness, swollen joints, neuroboreliosis

46
Q

what is neuroborreliosis

A

neurological disease with muscle atrophy, cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, behavioral changes, hyperesthesia and encephalitis

47
Q

How does the serum lyme multiplex OSP A/C/F test for Lyme disease

A
  1. OSP A elevated with vaccination (no vax for horses)
  2. OSP C- suggest recent infection
  3. OSP F: chronic infection
48
Q

What test is the most sensitive and specific to dx Lyme disease

A

paired serum: CSF lym multiplex Osp A/C/F

49
Q

t or f: a negative serology and normal CSF mean horse is negative for Lyme disease

A

false0 can have normal CSF and serology

50
Q

what is tx for Lyme disease

A
  1. Oxytetracycline- best at eliminating borrelia
  2. Doxycycline
  3. Minocycline
51
Q

what 2 nematodes causes verminous encephalitis

A

1.hailcephalobus gingivalis
2. Strongylus vulgaris

52
Q

how do horses get verminous encephalitis

A

direct extension from masses on the dermis of the head as well as hematogenous spread

53
Q

what type of infection occurs with verminous encephalitis

A

severe tissue reaction with abscessation and fulminant pyogranulomatous disease

54
Q

what are the clinical signs for verminous encephalitis

A

encephalitis

55
Q

how do you dx verminous encephalitis

A
  1. CSF containing eosinophils is suggestive
  2. Confirmed on hisopathology
56
Q

what is tx for verminous encephalitis

A
  1. Ivermectin and high dose fenbendazole
  2. Surgical debunking
57
Q

strongylus vulgaris usually just migrate through the ___ resulting in clots thrown to the GIT= thromboembolic colic

A

cranial mesenteric artery

58
Q

cryptococcal meningitis also has a ___tropism

A

respiratory

59
Q

cryptococcus neoformans infects __animals

A

immunocompromised

60
Q

cryptococcus gattii infects ___animals

A

immunocompetent

61
Q

how do you dx cryptococcal meningitis

A
  1. Titer
  2. Demonstration of organism
62
Q

what is tx for cryptococcal meningitis

A

fluconazole

63
Q

What bacteria in neonates causes bacterial meningitis

A

E. Coli

64
Q

what bacteria in adults causes bacterial meningitis

A

streptococcus spp

65
Q

how do you dx bacterial meningitis

A

CSF cytology and culture

66
Q

what is tx for bacterial meningitis

A
  1. Potentiated sulfonamides, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol or metronidazole
  2. Steroids
  3. NSAIDs- ketophen
67
Q

what are some causes of head shaking

A
  1. Neurological- trigeminal neuritis, photic head shaking, EPM
  2. Behavior- stereotypical behavior, avoidance/discomfort
  3. Disorders of skull, eyes, ears, oral cavity
68
Q

how do you tx photic head shaking

A

UV light protection

69
Q

how do you tx non-photic head shaking (trigeminal neuritis)

A
  1. Nose devices
  2. Insect/fly control
  3. DCAB diet- add alfalfa, magnesium citrate/sulfate/oxide, magnesium/boron
  4. Cyproheptadine
70
Q

what causes excessive daytime sleepiness

A

sleep deprivation from:
1. Pain
2. Alpha horses
3. Unsafe surrounds

71
Q

what is hypersominia

A

excessive sleepiness

72
Q

what can cause hypersomnia

A

sleep deprivation, PPID, encephalopathy, trauma, EPM

73
Q

what is catalepsy

A

sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by sudden stimulus and abnormal REM sleep

74
Q

how do you dx narcolepsy/ catalepsy

A
  1. induce with physostigmine- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
  2. Low hpyocretin-1 in CSF fluid
75
Q

what is tx for narcolepsy/ catalepsy

A
  1. Imipramine- prevents serotonin reuptake inhibitor
  2. Atropine- prevents muscarinic blocker
76
Q

what is a stereotypical behavior

A

repetitive relatively invariant and apparently functionless behaviors, irreversible

77
Q

why do horses exhibit stereotypical behaviors

A

coping mechanisms, endorphin release results in positive training

Equine Med and Surgery II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions