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Equine Med and Surgery II > Lecture 6: Equine nervous system: all other things > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Equine nervous system: all other things Flashcards

1
Q

CSF flows in a ___circulation

A

craniocaudal

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2
Q

if you have a patient with suspected thoracic melanoma where do you want to take CSF from Atlanto-occipital space or lumbar

A

lumbar because CSF flows craniocaudal

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3
Q

you perform an atlantooccipital CSF tap if the lesions is above __

A

foramen magnum (cranial to 2nd vertebrae)

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4
Q

How do you perform an atlantoocipital CSF tap

A

insert needle at a line between the cranial borders of the atlas, direct needle towards lower jaw with horses head flexed, advance until dura penetrated at about 5cm in 1000lb horse

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5
Q

can draw __mls in 1000lb horse but only __cc in foals for CSF tap

A

90mls, 1-2ccs

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6
Q

what is the queckenstedts maneuver

A

hold off the jugular to increase flow—> increase back pressure in brain and increase CSF flow to brain

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7
Q

you perform a lumbosacral CSF tap if lesion is located ___

A

below the foramen magnum (caudal to second vertebrae)

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8
Q

How do you perform LS CSF tap

A

palpate LS space, insert ventrally through the sub lumbar muscles until penetrates ligament I’m flavum and then dura

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9
Q

What space is a lateral standing CSF performed between

A

C1-C2

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10
Q

what are some complications from a C1-C2 lateral CSF tap

A

stiff necks, fever, tachycardia

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11
Q

what should you do after performing a C1-C2 lateral CSF tap to avoid complications

A

give banamine and keep head above heart until sedation wears off

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12
Q

what produces the toxin swainsonine

A

fungus in the seeds: undilum oxytropis

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13
Q

what does swainsonine/ locoweed poisoning cause

A

inhibits alpha mannosidase causing lysosomal storage disease

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14
Q

what are some signs of locoweed/ swainsonine toxicity

A

slow staggering gait, emaciation, ataxia, nervousness that worsens with handling, death

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15
Q

what is tx for locoweed poisoning

A

no effective tx, mild cases resolve in 1-2 weeks once ingestion ceases

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16
Q

what is the toxic in nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

repen

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17
Q

what two plants cause nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A
  1. Yellow star thistle
  2. Russian knapweed
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18
Q

what are some clinical signs of nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

sudden onset twitching of lips, tongue, flicking, involuntary chewing, poor prehension, weight loss, incoordination, muscle tremors, facial paralysis

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19
Q

how do you dx nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

clinical signs and exposure, MRI, necropsy

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20
Q

what is tx for nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

no treatment, may stabilize but not recover most do poorly

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21
Q

lead poisoning results in a __ from __

A

peripheral neuropathy from demyeliantion

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22
Q

what are some clinical signs of lead poisoning

A

dysphagia, aspiration, pneumonia, dysphonia, altered mentation, weight loss, severe incoordination

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23
Q

how do you dx lead poisoning

A
  1. CSF mild nonspecific increase in cells and protein
  2. Plasma lead levels >0.3ppm
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24
Q

what is tx for lead poisoning

A
  1. Remove lead source
  2. Chelation with EDTA 75mg/kg IV daily for 3-5 days
  3. Supportive care
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25
What dz does moldy corn poisoning cause
leukoencephalomalacia
26
what toxin from moldy corn causes leukoencephalomalacia
fumonisins
27
what is the mechanism of action of fumonisins causing leukoencephalomalacia
interfere with shingolipid biosynthesis- critical for cell growth, differentiation and transformation
28
what are the clinical signs of leukoencephalomalacia
confusion, obtundation, ataxia, sudden blindness, sweating, head pressing, circling, seizures, recumbent, death within 5 days
29
how do you dx leukoencephalomalacia
1. Clinical signs and exposure to moldy corn 2. CSF high protein and normal cell count 3. Liver values high 5. Liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of brain, grossly visible fluid fill cavities
30
What sign of leukoencephalomalacia is pathognomonic
liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of the brain, leaving grossly visible fluid filled cavities
31
what is tx for leukoencephalomalacia
no treatment successful, prognosis poor Can attempt supportive care with anti-inflammatories, anti-oxidants
32
what is fluphenizine
neuroleptic agent, antipsychotic human drug
33
toxic reactions from fluphenizine seem with what dose
>3-39ng/ml
34
what are some signs of fluphenizine toxicity
extrapyramidal neurological signs, agitation, sweating, violent pawing, self-mutilation, Parkinsonism
35
what is tx for fluphenizine
1. discontinue drug 2. diphenhydramine or benztropine
36
what is equine dysautonomia also known as
grass sickness
37
what is equine dysautonomia
acquired degenerative polyneuropathy that predominantly affects the neurons of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems
38
what are the acute clinical signs of equine dysautonomia
small intestinal ileus, massive amounts of nasogastric reflux with minimal colic signs, death from hypovolemia
39
what are the subacute signs of equine dysautonomia
ileus with minimal reflex, often develop large colon or cecal impaction
40
what are the chronic signs of equine dysautonomia
cachexia and myasthenia, development of rhinitis sicca
41
how do you dx equine dysautonomia
necropsy findings consistent with stage of disease an autonomic ganglia and enteric nerve degeneration
42
what is tx for acute and subacute equine dysautonomia
supportive care until euthanasia
43
what is tx for chronic equine dysautonomia
Excellent nutritional support
44
what is prognosis for acute, subacute and chronic equine dysautonomia
acute and subacute: 100% fatal Chronic: 40-50% survive with long term care
45
what are some clinical signs of lyme disease
low grade fever, stiffness, lameness in more than one limb, laminitis, anterior uveitis, muscle tenderness, swollen joints, neuroboreliosis
46
what is neuroborreliosis
neurological disease with muscle atrophy, cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, behavioral changes, hyperesthesia and encephalitis
47
How does the serum lyme multiplex OSP A/C/F test for Lyme disease
1. OSP A elevated with vaccination (no vax for horses) 2. OSP C- suggest recent infection 3. OSP F: chronic infection
48
What test is the most sensitive and specific to dx Lyme disease
paired serum: CSF lym multiplex Osp A/C/F
49
t or f: a negative serology and normal CSF mean horse is negative for Lyme disease
false0 can have normal CSF and serology
50
what is tx for Lyme disease
1. Oxytetracycline- best at eliminating borrelia 2. Doxycycline 3. Minocycline
51
what 2 nematodes causes verminous encephalitis
1.hailcephalobus gingivalis 2. Strongylus vulgaris
52
how do horses get verminous encephalitis
direct extension from masses on the dermis of the head as well as hematogenous spread
53
what type of infection occurs with verminous encephalitis
severe tissue reaction with abscessation and fulminant pyogranulomatous disease
54
what are the clinical signs for verminous encephalitis
encephalitis
55
how do you dx verminous encephalitis
1. CSF containing eosinophils is suggestive 2. Confirmed on hisopathology
56
what is tx for verminous encephalitis
1. Ivermectin and high dose fenbendazole 2. Surgical debunking
57
strongylus vulgaris usually just migrate through the ___ resulting in clots thrown to the GIT= thromboembolic colic
cranial mesenteric artery
58
cryptococcal meningitis also has a ___tropism
respiratory
59
cryptococcus neoformans infects __animals
immunocompromised
60
cryptococcus gattii infects ___animals
immunocompetent
61
how do you dx cryptococcal meningitis
1. Titer 2. Demonstration of organism
62
what is tx for cryptococcal meningitis
fluconazole
63
What bacteria in neonates causes bacterial meningitis
E. Coli
64
what bacteria in adults causes bacterial meningitis
streptococcus spp
65
how do you dx bacterial meningitis
CSF cytology and culture
66
what is tx for bacterial meningitis
1. Potentiated sulfonamides, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol or metronidazole 2. Steroids 3. NSAIDs- ketophen
67
what are some causes of head shaking
1. Neurological- trigeminal neuritis, photic head shaking, EPM 2. Behavior- stereotypical behavior, avoidance/discomfort 3. Disorders of skull, eyes, ears, oral cavity
68
how do you tx photic head shaking
UV light protection
69
how do you tx non-photic head shaking (trigeminal neuritis)
1. Nose devices 2. Insect/fly control 3. DCAB diet- add alfalfa, magnesium citrate/sulfate/oxide, magnesium/boron 4. Cyproheptadine
70
what causes excessive daytime sleepiness
sleep deprivation from: 1. Pain 2. Alpha horses 3. Unsafe surrounds
71
what is hypersominia
excessive sleepiness
72
what can cause hypersomnia
sleep deprivation, PPID, encephalopathy, trauma, EPM
73
what is catalepsy
sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by sudden stimulus and abnormal REM sleep
74
how do you dx narcolepsy/ catalepsy
1. induce with physostigmine- acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 2. Low hpyocretin-1 in CSF fluid
75
what is tx for narcolepsy/ catalepsy
1. Imipramine- prevents serotonin reuptake inhibitor 2. Atropine- prevents muscarinic blocker
76
what is a stereotypical behavior
repetitive relatively invariant and apparently functionless behaviors, irreversible
77
why do horses exhibit stereotypical behaviors
coping mechanisms, endorphin release results in positive training

Equine Med and Surgery II (24 decks)

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