Lecture 19: Peri and Post-Partum Care of Mare Flashcards
What are some important parts of history to know for pregnant mare
- Breeding date
- Due date
- Previous reproductive hx
- Gestation length (unless maiden)
- Previous GI disease
- Vulvar d/c, leaking colostrum
what is normal HR for mare in late gestation
40-60bpm
when do you vaccinate pregnant mare for influenza, EHV respiratory, rabies, EEE/WEE and tetanus
booster 4-6 weeks pre-partum
When do you vaccinate pregnant mares for EHV-1 abortion
5, 7, 9 months gestation
If needed when should mares be vaccinated for viral arteritis
post foaling and not less than 3 weeks prior to breeding
when should mares be vaccinated for rotavirus
3 dose series- 1st dose at 8 months gestation, 2nd and 3rd doses at 4 week intervals
when should you vaccinate mares who are previously vaccinated for botulism
4-6 weeks pre-partum
when should you vaccinate mares who have not previously been vaccinated for botulism
3 dose series- 1st dose at 8 months gestation, 2nd and 3rd dose at 4 week intervals
what are some causes of abortion
- Placentitis
- EHV-1
- Equine viral arteritis
- Mare reproductive loss syndrome
- Non-infectious- twinning, fescue, congenital, stress, malnutrition
what is cause of mare reproductive loss syndrome
eastern tent caterpillars
what are some signs of mare reproductive loss syndrome
abortion, pericarditis, uveitis
all aborted fetuses considered __ until proven otherwise
infectious/contagious
what should you submit after mare aborted fetus
- Whole fetus and placenta
- Collect serum on are
what is placental hydrops
disruption of fluid balance- increased production/ decreased absorption
what are some results of placental hydrops
cardiovascular shock, abdominal hernia, pre-pubic tendon rupture, dystocia
what is normal hydroallantosis volume
8-15L
what is normal hydroaminos volume
3-7L
how do you dx placental hydrophs
trans rectal exam, transabdominal ultrasound
what is tx for placental hydrophs
- Drainage
mare in last trimester and overnight she looks 2x as big, what likely wrong
placental hydrops
what are some risk factors for ruptured pre-pubic tendon
- Aged mares
- Large foals
- Twins
- Hydrops
what are some clinical signs of ruptured pre-pubic tendon
- Loss of ventral abdominal support
- Tipped pelvis/ sawhorse stance
- Ventral edema
what is tx for ruptured pre-pubic tendon
- Supported wraps
- Assisted delivery
t or f: mares with ruptured prepubic tendon are safe to breed again
false- do not breed
Horses with uterine torsion/tear present as __ and sometimes are assumed to be in __
colic, parturition
what do you palpate to evaluate uterine torsion/tear
broad ligaments
what happens on clockwise uterine torsion
left ligament stretched towards right ventral abdomen
what happens in counterclockwise uterine torsion
right ligament stretched towards left ventral abdomen
what are the 3 approaches to tx uterine torsion
- Rolling under general anesthesia
- Flank laparotomy
- Ventral midline
what is prognosis for uterine torsion/tear
better if <320 days gestation, poor if >
what type of placenta do mares have
diffuse epithelichorial placenta
Describe mare placenta
6 layers that separate maternal and fetal blood, endothelium, connective tissue and uterine epithelium on mare and foal sides
given the thickness of mare placental there is no prepartum transfer of __ to foal
IgG
IgG must come from __
colostrum
how long is colostrum secreted
24hrs
what produces equine chorionic gonadotropin and what is its function
endometrial cups, increase progesterone until fetus takes over- maintains pregnancy
what is cause of placentitis
ascending infection- Strep zoo, Klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, nocardia
what are some signs of placentitis
- Premature udder development
- Vulvar discharge
how do you dx placentitis
- Ultrasound
- Increased combined uterine and placental thickness
what is tx for placentitis
- Broad spectrum abx- trimethorpim sulfa
- Pentoxyfylline
- Altrenogest (progesterone)
what is the most common cause of death in postpartum mares
uterine artery rupture
what mares are uterine artery rupture more common in
older, multiparous mares
when does uterine artery rupture occur
immediately postpartum
where does bleeding occur in uterine artery rupture
- Broad ligament
- Abdominal cavity
- Uterus/uterine wall
how do you dx uterine artery rupture
- Ultrasound
- Abdominocentesis
- Rectal palpation
what is tx for uterine artery rupture
- Eliminate stress
- Hemostatics- aminocaproic acid
- Monitor PCV and transfusion if needed
- Prophylactic abx
what occurs during stage 1 of normal parturition, how long
30 mins-2hrs
Signs of colic, uterine contractions, foal positioning dorsosacral, rupture of chorioallantois
what occurs during stage 2 parturition and how long
20-30mins
Active labor, mare up and down, uterine contractions, oxytocin release, rupture of amnion, expulsion of foal
what is correct umbilical care after birth
- Allow cord to break naturally
- Dip umbilicus in dilute chlorohexidine
what is stage 3 parturition and how long
3hrs or less
Expulsion of placenta
when does uterine involution occur
21-28 days
found this in placenta- what is it
hippomane (normal, not the liver)
what is this and what is the concern
Premature placental separation- red bag delivery
Concern: emergency situation, foal is being deprived of oxygen
what is normal foal presentation, position and posture
presentation: anterior-longitudinal
Position: dorso-sacral
Posture- head, neck and limbs extended
what is the presentation for breech
posterior, hind limbs flexed
what do you do for unsuccessful deliveries
- Anesthesia of mare- dorsal recumbency
- Fetotomy- dead foal
- C-section
what are the risk factors for retained placentas
abortion, dystocia, twins, placentitis, C-section
what are some sequela to retained placenta
- Metritis
- Laminitis
- Septicemia
what is the most commonly retained part of placenta
tip of non-pregnant horn
what is tx for retained placenta
- Oxytocin (4-6hrs postpartum)
- Calcium gluconate and oxytocin
- Broad spectrum abx
- Anti-inflammatories
- Cryotherapy
- Uterine lavage
all post-partum mares should be examined for what type of foaling injuries
rectovestibular, perineal injury
What are some causes for foaling injuries in mares
dystocia/malpositioning
Failure to remove caslicks
Iatrogenic
what is 1st degree foaling injury to mare
involves vulvar lips only
What is 2nd degree foaling injury to mare
vulvar lips and perineal body
what is 3rd degree foaling injury to mare
vulvar lips, rectovaginal shelf, perineal body and sphincter
what is tx for foaling injury to mare
- Surgical repair
- Dietary modification
what is aglactia
failure to produce colostrum/milk
what is dysgalactia
inadequate milk production
What are some causes of agalactia
- Fescue toxicosis
- Systemic disease
- Malnutrition
- Mastitis
What is MOA behind fescue toxicosis causing agalactia
dopamine agonist, antagonizes prolactin
what is the protocol to induce lactation in nurse mare
- Day 1-7: 150mg progesterone and 50mg estradiol 17 beta IM once daily
- Day 7: 5mg lutalyse IM
- Day 1-10: sulpiride 500mg IM twice daily, 5x day milking
What % BW does mare produce in milk. and how much extra water do they require/day
2-3%
10-15L
nutritional requirements of a late term/lactating mares require __-__% more
50-80%
what are the developmental parameters of healthy foal
2-3 minutes: sternal recumbency
2-20 minutes: time to suckle reflex
1hr- time to stand
2hr- average to nurse
3hrs- mare pass placenta
