Lecture 1: Intro to Clinical Practice and Essential Microbiology and Clinical Pathology Flashcards
What stains are included in gram stain
crystal violet, iodine, safranin and organic solvent
gram __appear red on gram stain and gram ___ appear dark blue
negative, positive
Staining reflects the ___of the cell walls
molecular characteristics
What type of bacteria is filamentous
actinomycete
what is saprophyte bacteria
bacteria that lives in environment
what bacteria is spiral shaped and typically requires a special stain
spirochete
what are some examples of spirochete bacteria
treponema, borrelia, leptospira
what are virulence factors
characteristics that confer pathogenicity
classification of bacteria is clinically important especially in ___therapy while cultures are pending
empiric therapy
What diseases do Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi equi cause
S. Zooepidemicus: pneumonia
S. Equi: strangles
T or F: MRSA is zoonotic
true
gram __causes endotoxemia due to ___in their cell walls
negative, LPS
endotoxemia is common in horses with ___
enterocolitis
what are some clinical signs of endotoxemia
fever, tachycardia, congested (red) MM, laminitis
Rhodococcus equi is gram ___, facultative __
positive, intracellular
R. Equi is able to invade and survive in ___ due to what virulence factor
macrophages, VapA
what does R. Equi cause
pulmonary abscesses in foals
what is treatment for R. Equi
- Macrolide antibiotic
- Rifampin- penetrates abscesses
T or F: you can use macrolide antibiotics in adults
false- causes diarrhea
clostridia is a gram __, obligate __
positive, anaerobes
clostridial myositis is a sequela to ___
IM injections, often banamine
what are some signs of clostridial myositis
heat, swelling, subcutaneous emphysema, foul odor
what is treatment for Clostridial myositis
Penicillin G, fenestration to oxygenate tissue
DNA or RNA viruses: have higher mutation rates
RNA
enveloped or nonenveloped: have increased sensitivity to desiccation, detergents
enveloped
all viruses are obligate ___ and require ___ to replicate
intracellular parasites, host cell machinery
viruses often use existing ___ to enter host cells
cell surface receptors
what virus often results in latent infection
herpesviruses
influenza viruses are characterized by what two major surface proteins
- Hemagglutinin (H)- involved in viral attachment
- Neuraminidase (N)- involved in release of virus from infected cell
what influenza strain is most common in horses
H3N8