Lecture 1: Intro to Clinical Practice and Essential Microbiology and Clinical Pathology Flashcards by Jen McGann

What stains are included in gram stain

crystal violet, iodine, safranin and organic solvent

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gram __appear red on gram stain and gram ___ appear dark blue

negative, positive

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Staining reflects the ___of the cell walls

molecular characteristics

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What type of bacteria is filamentous

actinomycete

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what is saprophyte bacteria

bacteria that lives in environment

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what bacteria is spiral shaped and typically requires a special stain

spirochete

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what are some examples of spirochete bacteria

treponema, borrelia, leptospira

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what are virulence factors

characteristics that confer pathogenicity

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classification of bacteria is clinically important especially in ___therapy while cultures are pending

empiric therapy

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What diseases do Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi equi cause

S. Zooepidemicus: pneumonia
S. Equi: strangles

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T or F: MRSA is zoonotic

true

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gram __causes endotoxemia due to ___in their cell walls

negative, LPS

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endotoxemia is common in horses with ___

enterocolitis

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what are some clinical signs of endotoxemia

fever, tachycardia, congested (red) MM, laminitis

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Rhodococcus equi is gram ___, facultative __

positive, intracellular

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R. Equi is able to invade and survive in ___ due to what virulence factor

macrophages, VapA

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what does R. Equi cause

pulmonary abscesses in foals

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what is treatment for R. Equi

Macrolide antibiotic
Rifampin- penetrates abscesses

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T or F: you can use macrolide antibiotics in adults

false- causes diarrhea

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clostridia is a gram __, obligate __

positive, anaerobes

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clostridial myositis is a sequela to ___

IM injections, often banamine

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what are some signs of clostridial myositis

heat, swelling, subcutaneous emphysema, foul odor

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what is treatment for Clostridial myositis

Penicillin G, fenestration to oxygenate tissue

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DNA or RNA viruses: have higher mutation rates

RNA

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enveloped or nonenveloped: have increased sensitivity to desiccation, detergents

enveloped

all viruses are obligate ___ and require ___ to replicate

intracellular parasites, host cell machinery

viruses often use existing ___ to enter host cells

cell surface receptors

what virus often results in latent infection

herpesviruses

influenza viruses are characterized by what two major surface proteins

1. Hemagglutinin (H)- involved in viral attachment 2. Neuraminidase (N)- involved in release of virus from infected cell

what influenza strain is most common in horses

H3N8

how does EHV-1 enter cell

via MHC-1

what does EHV-1 cause

respiratory signs, neurological signs, abortion

what antiviral is useful for EHV-1

valacyclovir

t or f: vaccine for EHV-1 prevents neurological disease

false— only prevents respiratory signs and abortion

yeast or mold: single cells

yeast

yeast or mold: filamentous

mold

fungal cell wall contains __and therefore not susceptible to antibiotics

chitin

fungal cell membrane contains ___

ergosterol

what drugs target ergosterol

amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole

most fungi are obligate __

aerobes

what is the most common host response to fungal infections

granuloma

What wrong and what can it lead to

corneal ulcer that can lead to fungal keratitis

what are the most common organisms involved in fungal keratitis

aspergillus, fusarium

What is the treatment for fungal keratitis

1. Anti fungal- voriconazole, natamycinm itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole 2. Anticollangenases 3. Anti-inflammatories

what is the most common cause of fungal pneumonia

aspergillus

what causes oral candidiasis in sick foals

Candida albicans

what is the most common blood collection site in horses

jugular venipuncture

what is the red top or serum separator tube used for

basic chemistry

what is the EDTA, lavender top used for

CBC, ACTH

What is the blue top, sodium citrate tube used for

coagulation panels

what is the green top, sodium/lithium heparin tube used for

tests run on plasma

what is the yellow top, acid citrate dextrose tube used for

blood typing

what respiratory fluid collection samples an isolated location in small airways and is indicated when there is suspected diffuse (allergic) dz

bronchoalveolar lavage

what does a transtracheal wash sample from

pooled secretions from lower airways in entirety

when is a transtracheal wash indicated

suspected localized disease (pneumonia)

what type of respiratory fluid collection is indicated for S. Equi

guttural pouch lavage

where should you perform an abdominocentesis

lowest point of abdomen to the right of midline

what location is most common for spinal fluid collection

lumbar

T or F: rouleaux formation of erythrocytes is common in horses

true

t or f: foals are born hemoconcentrated

true

what can cause erythrocytosis

1. Splenic contraction 2. Dehydration (relative /hemoconcentration) 3. Polycythemia

what are the possible causes of anemia

1. Loss of RBC-hemorrhage 2. Destruction of RBC- immune mediated, neonatal isoerythrolysis 3. Decreased production of RBC- bone marrow suppression

t or f: horses release reticulocytes into their peripheral blood

false

what sample is needed to evaluate anemia in horses

bone marrow biopsy

hemorrhage and replacement of fluid volume may take __hrs to become apparent

12-24hrs

foal presents with icterus and lethargy- blood smear performed. What is likely cause

neonatal isoerythrolysis

What test can be done to distinguish between rouleaux and agglutination

saline dispersion test

what are the normal % for macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells and eosinophils in a BAL

macrophages: 50-70% Lymphocytes: 30-50% Neutrophils: <5% Mast cells: <2% Eosinophils: <0.5%

what is the protein, cellularity and color in normal abdominocentesis

protein: <2mg/dL Cellularity: <5,000u/L Color- clear, pale yellow

what is the normal protein, cellularity, and color in CSF

protein: 20-124mg/dL Cellularity: <7/uL Color: clear

horse serum/plasma more __in color than other species

icteric

increase in indirect bilirubin occurs in horses with __

anorexia

what is the normal pH for horse urinalysis

7-9

what is normal USG for horses

1.020-1.050

what is renal threshold for glucose in urinalysis

160-180mg/dL

t or f: foals have hyposthenuric urine

true