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Equine Med and Surgery II > Lecture 20: Equine Neonatology > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Equine Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the TPR for healthy foal 1 minute post foaling

A

HR:60
RR: 60
T: 99-101.5

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2
Q

what is HR at 1hr, 1 day, RR after 12hrs post foaling

A

HR at 1hr- 80-130
HR after 1 day: 80-120
RR after 12hrs: 30-40

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3
Q

what is first concern when foal is born

A

passive transfer of immunity

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4
Q

what is passive transfer of immunity

A

immunization through transfer of specific antibody from immunized individual to non-immunized individual

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5
Q

T or f: foals are born immunocompetent- can mount immune response (eventually), but immunologically naive

A

true

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6
Q

what is primary Ig in colostrum

A

IgG

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7
Q

mares produce ~__mL/hr for 18hrs of colostrum (~__L)

A

300mL/hr, 5L

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8
Q

what receptor in foals gut lumen uptakes IgG

A

FcRN

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9
Q

what mare factors can lead to failure of passive transfer

A
  1. Agalactia
  2. Poor quality colostrum
  3. Premature lactation/ colostrum leakage
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10
Q

what can you use to measure IgG in colostrum

A

colostrumeter

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11
Q

what is ideal IgG value on colostrometer

A

> 1.060: 1,500-5000mg/dL

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12
Q

t or f: can take accurate colostrum values on colostrometer after first suckle from foal

A

false- must be pre-suckle

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13
Q

how long do maternal antibodies from colostrum circulate in foal

A

4-5 months

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14
Q

when are autogenous IgG detected in foal

A

2 weeks

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15
Q

what is the major sequela of failure of passive transfer

A

sepsis

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16
Q

IgG deficit foals had <__mg/dl whereas normal foals had __mg/dl

A

400, 800

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17
Q

what stall side test can you use to dx failure of passive transfer and how does it work

A

SNAP Foal ELISA- quantifies as 400 and 800mg/dl of IgG in 7 minutes

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18
Q

complete failure of passive transfer foals have IgG <___

A

200mg/dl

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19
Q

partial failure of passive transfer foals have IgG __-___mg/dl

A

200-400

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20
Q

what is considered safe zone for amount of IgG in foals

A

> 800mg/dl

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21
Q

what do you do if foal has IgG <800

A

provide supplemental IgG via colostrum via NG tube, plasma transfusion

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22
Q

how much colostrum should foals get within first 2hrs of age

A

1-1.5L

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23
Q

how many hours old should you check IgG in foal

A

12hrs

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24
Q

if a foal is 18hrs old and still has low IgG what is only way to raise IgG

A

plasma

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25
what is selective IgM deficiency and what are some signs
immunodeficiency of older foals characterized by decreased serum concentrations of IgM Signs: 2-8 month olds failure to thrive, small size, recurring infections
26
what breeds is IgM deficiency most common in
Arabians, QH
27
Define sepsis
clinical illness with suspected or documented infection
28
what things must foals have to have SIRs (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
1. Abnormal temperature 2. Abnormal leukocyte count One of the following: tachycardia, tachypnea, increased lactate, hypoglycemia
29
what are some clinical signs of sepsis in neonatal foal
lethargy, depression, anorexia (milk streaming from dam), scleral injection, petechiae ion
30
Foal presents with the following signs- lethargy, abnormal behavior, scleral injection- what is likely problem and cause
Sepsis likely caused by failure of passive transfer
31
what is the most common complication in septic foals
diarrhea and pneumonia
32
what are some other complications in septic foals
septic arthritis, patent urachus, meningitis, uveitis, oral candidiasis
33
what are some things that compromise a mare and can lead to foal having FPT—> sepsis
1. Poor quality colostrum 2. Premature lactation 3. Mare death/colic/ rejection
34
what are some examples of how foal can be compromised leading to FPT—> sepsis
1. Prematurity 2. Neonatal encephalopathy 3. Inutero infection 4. Deformities that prevent nursing 5. Intestinal malabsorption 6. Premature shedding of enterocytes
35
how Do you dx neonatal sepsis
Blood cultures (take days)
36
Since blood cultures take days to dx neonatal sepsis what should you first do to tx
empiric antibiotics
37
a sepsis score > or = to 12 means what
predicts sepsis 97% percent of time
38
sepsis score of < or = 11 means what
predicts Non-sepsis 88% of time
39
what is the tx of septic foal
1. Abx 2. Fluids 3. Plasma 4. Thermoregulation 5. Nutrition 6. Glucose regulation 7. Oxygen 8. Ventilation
40
what bacteria is most common in septic foals
E. Coli, but mixed infections becoming more common
41
should abx for septic foal be cidal or static
cidal
42
what is recommended abx tx for septic foals
penicillin/ampicillin + aminoglycosides +/- 3rd generation cephalosporins
43
are gram - or + more common in septic foals
gram negatives
44
what is prognosis for return to athleticism for foals with septic arthritis
poor, 1/3 raced again
45
what is normal gestation length
320-360 days
46
foals considered premature if born before __
320 days
47
what is immaturity/dysmaturity
acceptable gestational age, signs of prematurity
48
What are some signs of prematurity
small sign, weak, silky coat, domed forehead, floppy ears, hyperextended fetlocks, decreased GI function, hypothermia, incomplete ossification of carpal and tarsal bones
49
if HR of foal is below 40 what do you do
continue ventilation and thoracic compressions Give epi if needed
50
if HR of foal is 40-60 what do you do
HR not increasing: ventilation and thoracic compressions, add epi HR increasing: continue ventilation
51
what do you do if foal HR above 60 but was originally gasping
watch for spontaneous respiration then discontinue ventilation
52
if foal has spontaneous respiration and HR >50 what do you do
evaluate oxygenation Poor- provide O2 Good- observe and monitor
53
what are 2 congenital anomalies ion foals that are incompatible with life
1. GI atresia 2. Major cardiac anomalies
54
lavender foal syndrome is due to what genetic defect
autosomal recessive mutation in MYO5A
55
what breeds is lavender foal syndrome common in
Arabians
56
what are the clinical signs of lavender foal syndrome
dilute coat color, neurologic signs (seizures, hyperesthesia, recumbency)
57
what is dx and tx for lavender foal syndrome
dx: genetic test Tx: euthanasia
58
where is MYO5A normally expressed and what is it involved in
expressed in melanocytes and nerve cells, involved in vesicle transport in cytoplasm Transfers melanin for pigmentation and formation of nerve synapsids
59
Arabian foal is recumbent, having seizures, what do you suspect
Lavender foal syndrome
60
what is cause of overo lethal white syndrome/ ilicolonic aganglionosis
autosomal recessive mutation in endothelia receptor type B
61
what breeds commonly get overo Lethal white syndrome
paints
62
what are some signs of overo lethal white syndrome
white hair coat, unrelenting colic
63
what is dx and tx for overo lethal white syndrome
dx: genetic test Tx: euthanasia
64
what is endothelia receptor type B involved in and what does mutation result in
involved in 2nd messenger system activation Melanocytes fail to migrate to skin, myenteric ganglia fail to develop
65
what is cause of SCID
autosomal recessive mutation in DNA-PKcs
66
what breed is SCID common in
Arabians
67
what are some signs of SCID
recurrent infection
68
what is dx and tx of SCID
dx: genetic test Tx: euthanasia
69
what is DNA-PKcs normally involved in and what does mutation cause
involved in DNA repair and B and T cell development Mutation leads to no functional B or T cells
70
what is cause of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
autosomal recessive mutation in GBE1
71
what is GBE1 required for and what does mutation lead to
expressed in muscle and liver- required for properly branched glycogen Mutation leads to poorly branched glycogen and abnormal storage
72
what breed is glycogen branching enzyme deficiency disease common in
QH
73
what are some signs of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
abortion, stillbirth, weak foal, flexural deformities, cardiac and respiratory failure
74
what is tx and dx for glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
dx: genetic test Tx: euthanasia

Equine Med and Surgery II (24 decks)

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