Lecture 24: Surgical Conditions in Foals Flashcards
uroperitoneum/ ruptured urinary bladder most commonly develops during __
parturition
Where are urinary bladder tears normally located
dorsal surface of urinary bladder
how do foals appear with rupture urinary bladder
normal for 24-48hrs after birth then decrease nursing, lethargy, abdominal distention and colic
how do you dx ruptured urinary bladder
abdominal ultrasound, serum chemistry, abdominocentesis
24hr foal presents with colic like signs, abdominal distention, owner reports foal was doing fine after birth. Take ultrasound and see this, what wron g
ruptured urinary bladder
what is serum chemistry for ruptured urinary bladder
hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, azotemia
electrolyte alterations in ruptured urinary bladder can lead to __ and __
muscle tremors and neurological deficits
how do you dx ruptured urinary bladder
- Ultrasound
- Abdominocentesis
- Peritoneal fluid creatinine: serum creatinine >2
what do you do to fix ruptured urinary bladder
- Stabilize electrolytes
- Drain abdomen- while giving saline
- Surgical repair
what is a sign of patent urachus
persistently moist umbilicus after birth
what is tx for patent urachus with absence of apparent infection
no tx required, can dip navel into chlorohexidine
what is tx for patent urachus observed after 5-7 days of waiting or navel dipping
refer for sx
infected umbilicus likes to spread infection to __
joints
how do you dx infected umbilicus
ultrasound
how do you tx infected umbilicus
surgical resection and broad spectrum abx
what is the most common type of hernia in horse
umbilical hernia
Umbilical hernias in majority of young foals __
spontaneously regress within first 3 weeks of life
how do you dx umbilical hernia
visual exam and digital palpation
when is umbilical hernia surgical
increase in size, firmness, edema, pain, colic
umbilical hernias <__cm can be reduced manually, but if not regressing by __months old should be surgically repair
<5cm, 4 months
Where does S- type joint infeciton infect
synovial membrane and fluid
who gets S-type joint infections
very young <1 week
what joints are affected by S-type joint infections
larger joints- stifle, tibiotarsal
what is affected in E-type joint infections
bone adjacent to articular cartilage
what areas are E- type joint infections most common in
distal femur, talus, radius and tibia
where are P-type infections
long bone of physis
t or f: P type infections may occur without joint involvement
true
what are common sites for p-type infections
distal physis of MC3/MT3, radius and tibia
what are some clinical signs of S and E type joint infections
lameness, joint effusion, fever
what are some radiographic signs of E type joint infections
subchondral bone lysis
what are some signs of P type infection
peri-articular edema to us swelling and NO joint effusion
what type of joint infection is this
E type
what is tx for septic arthritis/osteomyelitis
broad spectrum abx, NSAIDS, joint lavage, IVRLP, arthroscopy
what is valgus
lateral deviation of limb distal to location of deformity
what is varus
medial deviation of limb distal to location of deformity
what causes angular limb deformities
disproportionate growth at level of growth plate
what are some perinatal factors causing angular limb deformities
- Incomplete ossification of carpal and tarsal bones- dysmature
- Laxity of periarticular structures
- Aberrant uterine ossification
what are some developmental causes of angular limb deformities
- Unbalanced nutrition
- Excessive exercise or trauma
when do foals not need sx for angular limb deformities
application of manual pressure to medial aspect straightens out limb
when does a foal need sx for angular limb deformity
limb Can’T be straightened out with manipulation
what are important rad views for angular limb deformities
DP
a permanent angular limb deformity may result __weeks after birth
2
what are nonsurgical techniques for angular limb deformities
stall rest, splints and cases, hoof manipulation
what are the surgical techniques for angular limb deformities
growth acceleration, growth retardation
what horses with angular limb deformities is stall rest appropriate for
- Incomplete ossification and straight limbs
- Adequate ossification and Ald due to disproportionate growth at physis
- Foals with adequate ossification and laxity of periarticular structures
what horses with angular limb deformities require splints
- Incomplete ossification and ALD
- Severe periarticular laxity
where are splints and cats contraindicated
distal radius or tibia
what are the hoof trimming manipulations for valgus and varus
valgus- shorten lateral aspect of foot, or extend medial side
Vargus: shorten medial side of foot, or extend later side
what are hoof extension manipulations for valgus and vargus
valgus: extend medial aspect
Varus: extend lateral aspect
describe growth acceleration procedure
performed on short side of limb (valgus- medial) (varus- lateral)- cut periosteum to stimulate growth
do not perform growth accerlation on foals <__wks unless severe
4 weeks
how does growth retardation surgery work
performed on long side of limb (valgus- lateral) (varus- medial)
Implant screws and wires or transphyseal screw
foals with tarsal valgus have __prognosis
poor
what are flexural limb deformities
joint held in abnormally flexed or extended position
what is difference between angular limb and flexural limb deformities
- Angular limb affects bony structures in frontal plane
- Flexural limb affects soft tissue structures in saggital plane
what congenital causes of flexural limb deformities
genetic, nutrition, trauma
what joints are most commonly affected in congenital limb deformities
MCP and carpus
what joints are most commonly affected in acquired flexural limb deformities
DIP and MCP joints
what are some causes of acquired flexural limb deformities
mismatch in bone and tendon/ligament growth or contraction in response to Pain
what wrong
digital hyperextension
what is cause of digital hyperextension
flaccidity of flexor muscles
t or f: digital hyperextension usually corrects itself within few weeks
tru
What wrong
Persistent forelimb/ carpal hyperflexion (contracted tendons)
what is cause of persistent forelimb/carpal hyperflexion
tendons are too short relative to bones
what is tx for persistent forelimb/ carpal hyperflexion and MOA
IV Oxytetracycline- inhibits structuring of collagen fibrils by equine myofibroblasts through MMP-1 mediated mechanism
what wrong
Contracted DIP joint (club foot)
what is happening in contracted DIP joint/club joint
dorsal hoof wall assumes a more vertical angle and heels may not contact the ground
what is type I club foot
more upright dorsal hoof wall, angle >60 degrees <90 degrees
what is type II club foot
dorsal hoof wall >90 degrees and beyond vertical plane
what is nutritional tx for club foot
avoid overfeeding foals
what sx can you do for type I club foot
desmotomy of inferior check ligament
what is sx tx for type II club foot
tenotomy of deep digital flexor tendon
what is a small intestinal volvulus
rotation in a segment of jejunum and/or ileum about mesentery
what is the most common indication for colic surgery in foals between 2-4 months
small intestinal volvulus
what are some signs of small intestinal volvulus in foals
severe pain with periods of depression, abdominal distention, afebrile
foal presents with severe pain, abdominal distention. Do ultrasound and see this
Intussusception
