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Equine Med and Surgery II > Lecture 14: Equine Neoplasia > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Equine Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of horses, donkeys and mules

A

equine sarcoids

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2
Q

equine sarcoids are __skin tumors

A

nonmetastatic

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3
Q

where are equine sarcoids most commonly located

A

head, ventral, abdomen, limbs

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4
Q

what are the 4 morphologic types of equine sarcoids

A
  1. Flat
  2. Verrucous
  3. Fibroblastic
  4. Mixed
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5
Q

flat (occult sarcoids) are often __thickness

A

partial

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6
Q

what wrong/type

A

flat (occult) sarcoid

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7
Q

verrucous (horny) sarcoids will grow if __ or __

A

injured or biopsied

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8
Q

verrucous (horny) sarcoids may be __thickness

A

partial

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9
Q

what wrong/type

A

Verrucous (horny) sarcoid

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10
Q

fibroblastic sarcoids are usually __thickness

A

full thickness

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11
Q

what wrong/type

A

fibroblastic sarcoid

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12
Q

what wrong/type

A

mixed sarcoid

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13
Q

what are some differentials for sarcoids

A
  1. Exuberant granulation tissue
  2. Habronemiasis
  3. Fibroma
  4. Fibrosarcoma
  5. Neurofibroma
  6. Rare mesenchymal tumors
  7. Infectious/non-infectious granulomas
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14
Q

what do you need for histo dx of sarcoids

A

skin

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15
Q

what does histo of sarcoid look like

A

capillary poor, fibroblastic proliferation, fibroblasts oriented perpendicular, hyperplastic epidermis

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16
Q

what type of sarcoids must be treated

A

fibrogranulomatous lesions

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17
Q

do verrucous or flat sarcoids need to be tx immediately

A

no, but should be evaluated closely

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18
Q

if you are going to biopsy sarcoids what you need to do

A

excisional biopsy- need to take all of it

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19
Q

If you can’t do excisional biopsy what is other option, but you wont have skin

A

trucut biopsy

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20
Q

what are the sarcoid therapy options

A
  1. Sx excision (laser or conventional)
  2. Laser vaporization (CO2)
  3. Local chemo (always)
  4. Hyperthermia
  5. Immunotherapy
  6. Cryotherapy
  7. Radiation
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21
Q

What is procedure for surgical excision of sarcoid

A

margins as wide as possible, primary closure if possible

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22
Q

what tx of sarcoids has best prognosis

A

complete excision (wide and deep) with primary closure

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23
Q

with surgical resection with primary closure you can avoid __tissue

A

granulation

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24
Q

How does CO2 laser excision and vaporization work

A

resects and evaporates tissue, follow with primary closure or second intention healing

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25
cryotherapy has __% free of recurrence
70%
26
cryotherapy is best applied via __
direct spray
27
what is procedure for cryotherapy
1. Freeze rapidly to -20 to -30 C 2. Monitor with thermocouples 3. Don’t freeze bone 4. 2-3 freeze-thaw cycles needed
28
what are some complications of cryotherapy
Swelling, hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, destruction of hair follicles, new hair-white, facial paralysis, septic arthritis, loss of eyelid, significant tissue contraction
29
70% strength loss in cryotherapy if __
freeze cortical bone
30
what is immunotherapy bacillus of calmette and Guerin (BCG) made of
attenuated strain of M. Bovis
31
what is downside of BCG immunotherapy
tuberculin +
32
what location of sarcoids is BCG most effective in
peri ocular
33
what is XXterra
herbal formulation of bloodroot powder and zinc chloride
34
what can XXterra tx
small sarcoid lesions
35
how does hyperthermia tx work
heat 50 C for 30 seconds, repeated
36
what is rationale for using CO2 laser removal on partial thickness sarcoids
1. Partial thickness wounds don’t granulate- sarcoids tend to recur in granulating wounds 2. More durable/efficient wound healing- no scar tissue epithelium
37
Perform partial thickness vaporization on this sarcoid- what wrong what you need to do
Pink spots still tumor- need to remove
38
what are your chemotherapy options for sarcoids
1. Cisplatin beads or injections 2. Fluoroacil crème 3. Mitomycin C
39
__% fluororacil crème is used for tx of penis and stays in sheath. how often and how many days
5%, BID 7-10 days penis sheath only 1 tx
40
__% fluorouracil crème is used for ocular/periocular SCC, how often
1%, 4-7 days, repeat same off period and then do 2-3 more times
41
what is difference between cisplatin beads and injections
beads: 1 month intervals, injections: 2 weeks Injections must infiltrate entire mass because does not diffuse, beads diffuse 15mm
42
where do you not want to put cisplatin beads around eye and why
dorsal to eye- result in cisplatin slough
43
what is MOA of topical fluorouracil
inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis (pyrimidine analog)
44
treat __days with topical fluorouracil or until hypersensitivity appears
10-14 days
45
how should you apply topical fluorouracil and why
Q-tips- big reaction
46
what is protocol/days for ophthalmic ointment 1% fluorouracil
topical bid 4-7 days, same period off, repeat twice more
47
what is sarcoid tx plan for periocular sarcoids
Excision, laser, chemo
48
What is sarcoid tx plan for trunk and limbs
excision, debunk with laser or scalpel
49
during sarcoid tx you want to avoid __bed
granulation bed
50
what part of sarcoid tx plan helps avoid granulation bed
chemo
51
mass on flank- what is it likely and how do you remove it
Dx: subdermal fibroma Can just pop it out of skin
52
what wrong and can you tx this
Malevolent sarcoid Not going to win this
53
cutaneous SCC are common in what horses
lightly pigmented: Appaloosas, pintos, and paints Draft horses
54
what 2 factors contribute to cutaneous SCC
UV light, altitude
55
what are some common locations of SCC
1. Cornea/limbus, 3rd eyelid 2. External genitalia geldings and mares 3. Mucocutaneous junctions 4. Hoof wall 5. Secondary to burns
56
what wrong
precancerous lesion on penis- likely will turn into SCC
57
histo of mass- what is dx and what is characteristic of this histo
Dx: SCC Histo: keratin pearl
58
what are some early physical manifestations of SCC
small, superficial nodules
59
what are some later physical manifestations of SCC
ulceration, necrosis, odor
60
what wrong
Erosive conjunctival SCC
61
what wrong
3rd eyelid SCC
62
after resection of SCC what do you always need to follow with
chemo
63
what are the tx options for SCC
1. Laser or sharp resection/ vaporization 2. Chemo- cisplatin 3. Hyperthermia 4. Debulking-cryotherapy 5. Beta irradiation 6. Corneal/conjunctival chemo (fluorouracil, mitomycin)
64
what chemos are used in corneal/conjunctival SCC tx
fluorouracil and mitomycin C
65
penile SCC- what is tx
amputate penis, chemo
66
what wrong and is this low or high risk
vulvar SCC- high risk can lose mares to this
67
Horse ear: what this
aural plaques
68
t or f: aural plaques do not resolve and do not have effective tx
true
69
What wrong
equine melanoma
70
what is melanocytic nevi
uncommon, younger horses, subepithelial melanin
71
what is dermal melanoma/ melanomatosis
very common, horses middle to older age, dermal melanin
72
what is anaplastic malignant melanoma
non gray horses, non-pigmened Almost always fatal
73
which is melanocytic nevus vs dermal melanoma
left: melanocytic nevus- subepithelial melanin Right: Dermal melanoma- dermal melanin
74
anaplastic malignant melanoma has extremely __ cells with numerous __ figures
pleomorphic cells, numerous mitotic figures
75
t or f: anaplastic malignant melanoma is rare, extremely metastatic
true
76
equine melanocytic tumors are typical in older __horses
gray or white
77
what are some common locations for dermal melanoma
ventral tail, perineum, external genitalia, parotid salivary gland, limb, neck, ears, eyelids, internal, lip, comminuted of mouth
78
dermal melanomas are ___when exceed blood supply
ulcerated/draining
79
what wrong- and how would you name these 2
Left: dermal melanoma Right: dermal melanomatosis
80
what is tx for melanocytic tumors
1. Wide sx margins 2. Cisplatin sensitive 3. Cryonecrosis- regrow to 4. Laser hyperthermia
81
t or f: BCG immunotherapy and cimetidine are effective against melanocytic tumors
false

Equine Med and Surgery II (24 decks)

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