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Equine Med and Surgery II > Lecture 2: Equine Nervous system: the examination > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Equine Nervous system: the examination Flashcards

1
Q

what are the limitations of neurological exams

A
  1. Subtle changes in personality or mentation may be impossible to detect
  2. Ranges of normal with age and breed
  3. Sedatives affect results
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2
Q

Mental awareness is a function of the ___

A

Higher centers in the brain

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3
Q

Voluntary movements are initiated where

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Where is the ascending reticular activating system located

A

Throughout the medulla, midbrain, thalamus

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5
Q

What is the most common location of progressive stupor

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

Sensory information from the body travels via the ___to the cortex

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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7
Q

A head tilt is nearly always indicative of ___

A

Vestibular disease

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8
Q

Does the head tilt go towards the lesions or away from the lesion

A

Towards

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9
Q

What direction nystagmus fast phase and slow phase go towards

A

Fast phase away from the lesion, slow phase towards the lesion

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10
Q

A head turn is indicative of __ and __ disease

A

Cerebral and thalamic

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11
Q

What is Schaffer-Sherrington syndrome

A

Forelimb extensor rigidity without opsithotonus

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12
Q

What causes schiff-Sherrington syndrome

A

Acute severe thoracolumbar spinal cord disease

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13
Q

What is opsithotonus

A

Head and neck are in extreme extension

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14
Q

What type of opsithotonus occurs with midbrain disease

A

Decerebrate rigidity all four limbs have extensor rigidity

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15
Q

What type of opsithotonus occurs with cerebellar disease

A

Decerebrate rigidity- just forelimbs have extensor rigidity, intention tremors

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16
Q

What are some signs of spinal ataxia

A

Base wide stance, knuckling, sway, dog-tracking

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17
Q

Where is the lesion localized with mentation changes

A

Cerebral

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18
Q

Where is the lesion localized with intention tremors

A

Cerebellar

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19
Q

Where is the lesion localized with ataxia and no mental change

A

Spine

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20
Q

Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of hind limbs alone

A

Thoracolumbar/sacral spine

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21
Q

Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of front limbs and hind limbs (up to a grade worse)

A

Cervical spine

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22
Q

Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of front limbs worse than hind limbs

A

Thoracic intumescence

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23
Q

Cranial nerves innervate structures on the ___side of the head

A

Same/ ipsilateral

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24
Q

Central control of these cranial nerves comes from the ___cerebral cortex

A

Opposite/ contralateral

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25
Q

All CN originate from the brain stem except __ and __

A

1 and 2

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26
Q

What does olfactory nerve control and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Smell
Sensory

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27
Q

What does the optic nerve do and is it sensory, motor or both

A

Vision
Sensory

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28
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do and is it sensory, motor or both

A

Eye movements, pupillary constriction, orbicularis oculi (eyelid muscle)

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29
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Eye movements
Motor

30
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Facial sensation, mastication

Sensory and motor

31
Q

What does the abducens nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Motor
Eye movements

32
Q

What does the facial nerve do, motor, sensory or both

A

Facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands

33
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Sensory
Hearing and balance

34
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

A

Sensory and motor
Sensory from tongue and pharynx, taste, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, salivary glands

35
Q

What does the vagus nerve do, motor, sensory or both

A

Motor and sensory
Autonomic functions of gut, cardiac inhibition, sensation from larynx and pharynx, swallowing

36
Q

What does the accessory nerve do, motor, sensory or both

A

Motor
Shoulder and neck muscles

37
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do

A

Motor
Movements of tongue

38
Q

If both vision and PLR is abnormal where are the lesions

A

Optic nerve lesion or primary eye issue

39
Q

If the vision is affected but PLR is normal where is lesion

A

Cortical lesion

40
Q

Where is the lesion if vision is normal but PLR is abnormal

A

Efferent arms lesions

41
Q

What is SNS innervation to the eye responsible for

A

Dilation of the pupil, retraction of third eyelid, retraction of upper eyelid and rostral protrusion of the globe

42
Q

What causes horners syndrome

A

Caused by disruption of SNS innervation to the globe/ peri orbital area

43
Q

What are some clinical signs of horners

A

Ptosis, miosis, enophthalamus, protrusion of 3rd eyelid, sweating of ipsilateral face and cranial aspect of neck

44
Q

Where are the horners syndrome lesions where there is sweating of the face and cranial neck ~C2

A

Guttural pouch and cranial cervical ganglion

45
Q

Where are the Horners syndrome lesions where there is sweating of the face and neck ~C3-C4

A

Sympathetic trunk

46
Q

Where is the Horners syndrome lesion if there is sweating down the shoulder ~T1

A

Thoracic inlet

47
Q

What is anisocoria

A

Different sized pupils

48
Q

With anisocoria, if you place in dark room and then expose to dim light and both pupils dilate to equal size then what is normal and what is wrong with originally dilated eye

A

Normal Sympathetic innervation

Dilated eye: CN III lesion

49
Q

With anisocoria, if you place in dark room and expose to dim light if the pupils don’t dilate equally then what is abnormal and what is wrong with the smaller pupil (miosis)

A

Sympathetic innervation is abnormal

Smaller pupil: Horners

50
Q

Hyper reflexive is ___motor neuron

A

Upper

51
Q

Hypo reflexive is __motor neuron

A

Lower

52
Q

Panniculus or cutaneous trunci reflex will be absent ___to the lesion

A

Cranial

53
Q

What is the cervicofacial reflex

A

Tap along jugular groove and should get eye twitch and grimace

54
Q

If the cervicofacial reflex is absent what is wrong

A

Local spinal cord or facial nerve deficits

55
Q

What is the lordosis/kyphosis response

A

Braced indicates musculoskeletal pain

56
Q

Deficit in perinatal reflex and anal tone indicates __

A

Cauda equine and sacral disease

57
Q

What does the oculocephalic reflex test

A

CN 3, 4, 6 by moving head L to R and up and down

58
Q

What is hypermetria

A

Excessive lifting of a limb, upper motor neuron

59
Q

What is hypometria

A

Weakness and dragging, lower motor neuron

60
Q

What is grade 0 spinal ataxia

A

Normal

61
Q

What is grade 1 spinal ataxia

A

Extremely mild, performance limiting, professional has to perform multiple tests to determine dysfunction

62
Q

What is grade 2 spinal ataxia

A

Mildly affected, easily appreciable to a professional, performance limiting

63
Q

What is grade 3 spinal ataxia

A

Obvious to layperson, abnormalities notable at rest

64
Q

What is grade 4 spinal ataxia

A

Severely ataxic, could fall during exam

65
Q

What is grade 5 spinal ataxia

A

Recumbent to unable to stand

66
Q

What is the normal cadence when cantering in a circle

A

3

67
Q

How do neurological horses canter

A

Bunny hop or cross-canter

68
Q

A poor response to a tail pull indicated what problem

A

Lower motor lesion at L3-L5

69
Q

Walking a horse through obstacles like hills or curbs measures their ___

A

Functional proprioception

70
Q

label 1-5 nerves

A
  1. Ulnar
  2. Musculocutaneous
  3. Median
  4. Tibial
  5. Peroneal

Equine Med and Surgery II (4 decks)

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