Lecture 2: Equine Nervous system: the examination Flashcards by Jen McGann

what are the limitations of neurological exams

Subtle changes in personality or mentation may be impossible to detect
Ranges of normal with age and breed
Sedatives affect results

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Mental awareness is a function of the ___

Higher centers in the brain

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Voluntary movements are initiated where

Cerebral cortex

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Where is the ascending reticular activating system located

Throughout the medulla, midbrain, thalamus

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What is the most common location of progressive stupor

Thalamus

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Sensory information from the body travels via the ___to the cortex

Ascending reticular activating system

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A head tilt is nearly always indicative of ___

Vestibular disease

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Does the head tilt go towards the lesions or away from the lesion

Towards

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What direction nystagmus fast phase and slow phase go towards

Fast phase away from the lesion, slow phase towards the lesion

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A head turn is indicative of __ and __ disease

Cerebral and thalamic

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What is Schaffer-Sherrington syndrome

Forelimb extensor rigidity without opsithotonus

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What causes schiff-Sherrington syndrome

Acute severe thoracolumbar spinal cord disease

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What is opsithotonus

Head and neck are in extreme extension

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What type of opsithotonus occurs with midbrain disease

Decerebrate rigidity all four limbs have extensor rigidity

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What type of opsithotonus occurs with cerebellar disease

Decerebrate rigidity- just forelimbs have extensor rigidity, intention tremors

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What are some signs of spinal ataxia

Base wide stance, knuckling, sway, dog-tracking

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Where is the lesion localized with mentation changes

Cerebral

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Where is the lesion localized with intention tremors

Cerebellar

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Where is the lesion localized with ataxia and no mental change

Spine

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Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of hind limbs alone

Thoracolumbar/sacral spine

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Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of front limbs and hind limbs (up to a grade worse)

Cervical spine

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Where is the lesion localized with ataxia of front limbs worse than hind limbs

Thoracic intumescence

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Cranial nerves innervate structures on the ___side of the head

Same/ ipsilateral

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Central control of these cranial nerves comes from the ___cerebral cortex

Opposite/ contralateral

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All CN originate from the brain stem except __ and __

1 and 2

What does olfactory nerve control and is it motor, sensory or both

Smell Sensory

What does the optic nerve do and is it sensory, motor or both

Vision Sensory

What does the oculomotor nerve do and is it sensory, motor or both

Eye movements, pupillary constriction, orbicularis oculi (eyelid muscle) motor

What does the trochlear nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

Eye movements Motor

What does the trigeminal nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

Facial sensation, mastication Sensory and motor

What does the abducens nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

Motor Eye movements

What does the facial nerve do, motor, sensory or both

Facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands both

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

Sensory Hearing and balance

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do and is it motor, sensory or both

Sensory and motor Sensory from tongue and pharynx, taste, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, salivary glands

What does the vagus nerve do, motor, sensory or both

Motor and sensory Autonomic functions of gut, cardiac inhibition, sensation from larynx and pharynx, swallowing

What does the accessory nerve do, motor, sensory or both

Motor Shoulder and neck muscles

What does the hypoglossal nerve do

Motor Movements of tongue

If both vision and PLR is abnormal where are the lesions

Optic nerve lesion or primary eye issue

If the vision is affected but PLR is normal where is lesion

Cortical lesion

Where is the lesion if vision is normal but PLR is abnormal

Efferent arms lesions

What is SNS innervation to the eye responsible for

Dilation of the pupil, retraction of third eyelid, retraction of upper eyelid and rostral protrusion of the globe

What causes horners syndrome

Caused by disruption of SNS innervation to the globe/ peri orbital area

What are some clinical signs of horners

Ptosis, miosis, enophthalamus, protrusion of 3rd eyelid, sweating of ipsilateral face and cranial aspect of neck

Where are the horners syndrome lesions where there is sweating of the face and cranial neck ~C2

Guttural pouch and cranial cervical ganglion

Where are the Horners syndrome lesions where there is sweating of the face and neck ~C3-C4

Sympathetic trunk

Where is the Horners syndrome lesion if there is sweating down the shoulder ~T1

Thoracic inlet

What is anisocoria

Different sized pupils

With anisocoria, if you place in dark room and then expose to dim light and both pupils dilate to equal size then what is normal and what is wrong with originally dilated eye

Normal Sympathetic innervation Dilated eye: CN III lesion

With anisocoria, if you place in dark room and expose to dim light if the pupils don’t dilate equally then what is abnormal and what is wrong with the smaller pupil (miosis)

Sympathetic innervation is abnormal Smaller pupil: Horners

Hyper reflexive is ___motor neuron

Upper

Hypo reflexive is __motor neuron

Lower

Panniculus or cutaneous trunci reflex will be absent ___to the lesion

Caudal

What is the cervicofacial reflex

Tap along jugular groove and should get eye twitch and grimace

If the cervicofacial reflex is absent what is wrong

Local spinal cord or facial nerve deficits

What is the lordosis/kyphosis response

Braced indicates musculoskeletal pain

Deficit in perinatal reflex and anal tone indicates __

Cauda equine and sacral disease

What does the oculocephalic reflex test

CN 3, 4, 6 by moving head L to R and up and down

What is hypermetria

Excessive lifting of a limb, upper motor neuron

What is hypometria

Weakness and dragging, lower motor neuron

What is grade 0 spinal ataxia

Normal

What is grade 1 spinal ataxia

Extremely mild, performance limiting, professional has to perform multiple tests to determine dysfunction

What is grade 2 spinal ataxia

Mildly affected, easily appreciable to a professional, performance limiting

What is grade 3 spinal ataxia

Obvious to layperson, abnormalities notable at rest

What is grade 4 spinal ataxia

Severely ataxic, could fall during exam

What is grade 5 spinal ataxia

Recumbent to unable to stand

What is the normal cadence when cantering in a circle

How do neurological horses canter

Bunny hop or cross-canter

A poor response to a tail pull indicated what problem

Lower motor lesion at L3-L5

Walking a horse through obstacles like hills or curbs measures their ___

Functional proprioception

label 1-5 nerves

1. Ulnar 2. Musculocutaneous 3. Median 4. Tibial 5. Peroneal