Lecture 22: Neonate- neurologic, hematologic, urinary, musculoskeletal, endocrine diseases

Question 1

What is cause of shaker foal syndrome

Answer 1

C. Botulinum, usually type B

Question 2

what are some signs of botulism

Answer 2

dysphagia, weakness, muscle fasciculations

Question 3

what is tx for neonatal botulism

Answer 3

1. Antitoxin
2. Penicillin
3. Supportive care
4. Ventilation

Question 4

idiopathic epilepsy is common in who

Answer 4

Arabian foals

Question 5

bacterial meningitis is usually secondary to __

Answer 5

sepsis

Question 6

what is cause of neonatal maladjustment syndrome/ dummy foal

Answer 6

1. Placental dysfunction/ premature placental separation (red bag)
2. Dystocia

Question 7

what are some signs of neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Answer 7

1. Forgets how to nurse
2. Aimless wandering
3. Seizures

Question 8

what is tx for neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Answer 8

1. Supportive care, fluids
2. Abx
3. Nutritional support
4. Seizure control- diazepam, midazolam
5. Anti-inflamamtories/anti-oxidants
6. Madison squeeze

Question 9

what is prognosis for uncomplicated dummy foals

Answer 9

most do well

Question 10

when does menace appear in foals

Answer 10

2 weeks

Question 11

What is cause of neonatal isoerytholysis

Answer 11

dams colostrum contains antibodies to foals paternal RBC antigens

Question 12

what are some causes of NI

Answer 12

1. Previous transfusion or pregnancy
2. Placental dysfunction

Question 13

what are the most antigen RBC antigens

Answer 13

1. Aa
2. Qa
3. Donkey factor

Question 14

what are some signs of NI

Answer 14

Lethargy, weakness, pale MM, icterus (kernicterus), hemoglobinuria/ hemoglobinemia

Question 15

what is kernicterus

Answer 15

acute toxicity from high levels of unbound, unconjugated bilirubin, neurologic signs

Question 16

what is tx for NI

Answer 16

1. Supportive care/fluids
2. Transfusion if PCV <10-15% (washed red cells from dam)
3. Reduce stress and activity
4. Nutritional support

Question 17

how do you prevent NI

Answer 17

1. Testing of mule pregnancies, mares with previous NI foals
2. Test mare serum within 30 days
3. Test colostrum with jaundiced foal agglutination test
4. Prevent foal from ingesting affected colostrum- provide alternative

Question 18

What is alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Answer 18

dams colostrum contains antibodies that attack foals thrombocytes

Question 19

what signs are seen with alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Answer 19

signs consistent with coagulopathy (hemorrhage)

Question 20

what signs are seen with syndrome of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and ulcerative dermatitis

Answer 20

oral ulcers, erythema, crusting on head, neck, trunk, axiallary, perineal, inguinal

Question 21

ruptured bladders are common in __ or __ foals

Answer 21

recumbent, hospitalized

Question 22

how can you prevent ruptured bladder in recumbent, hospitalized foals

Answer 22

catheterization

Question 23

what is cause of ruptured bladder in foals

Answer 23

1. Parturition
2. Recumbent foals

Question 24

what are some signs of ruptured bladder

Answer 24

1. Depression
2. Colic
3. Abdominal distention
4. Cardiac arrhythmias
5. Cardiovascular collapse

Question 25

what are some lab findings for ruptured bladder

Answer 25

1. Hyponatremia 2. Hyperkalemia 3. Increased creatinine

Question 26

how do you dx ruptured bladder in foals

Answer 26

ultrasound, abdominocentesis

Question 27

What is tx for ruptured bladder

Answer 27

1. Medical stabilization first- stabilize electrolytes 2. Surgical repair

Question 28

what are the causes of patent urachus

Answer 28

1. Recumbent foals 2. Cord ligation

Question 29

septic joints are sequela to__

Answer 29

sepsis

Question 30

what is cause of white muscle disease

Answer 30

vitamin E and selenium deficiency

Question 31

How do foals get white muscle disease

Answer 31

in utero when mares are selenium deficient

Question 32

what are 2 forms and signs of white muscle disease

Answer 32

1. Cardiac- severe, death within 24hrs 2. Musculoskeletal- weakness, stiffness, dysphagia, firm painful muscles, increased muscle enzymes

Question 33

what is tx for musculoskeletal form of white muscle disease

Answer 33

1. IM injection selenium 2. Oral vitamin E 3. Tube feeding if dysphagic

Question 34

what is cause of congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 34

foals or mares who have ingested too much or too little iodine

Question 35

what are some signs of congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 35

weakness, decreased suckle, hypothermia, tendon contractures, incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones, mandibular prognathia

Question 36

what is cause of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysregualtion

Answer 36

critically ill foals that have inadequate response to ACTH

Question 37

what is ACTH: cortisol ratio in hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysregylation

Answer 37

high