Lecture 21: Equine neonatology II- cardiac, respiratory and GI disease of foals

Question 1

What does the ductus arteriosus normally do/connect in utero

Answer 1

DA connects PA to aorta- shunts blood away from lungs

Question 2

what type of murmur with PDA

Answer 2

Continuous machinery murmur then fades to a systolic murmur

Question 3

what is a VSD

Answer 3

communication between L and R ventricles

Question 4

what type of murmur heard with VSD

Answer 4

loud, systolic murmur with PMI over tricuspid valve

Question 5

what is included in tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 5

1. Overriding aorta
2. VSD
3. Pulmonic stenosis
4. RV hypertrophy

Question 6

how is inflation of lung different in foal

Answer 6

1. Decreased pulmonary resistance
2. Decreased pressure in PA, RV, and RA

Question 7

how does rupture of umbilical vessels affect pressure and resistance in foal

Answer 7

Loss if low resistance placental circulation
1. Increase systemic vascular resistance
2. Increased pressure in aorta, LV, LA

Question 8

Once born __pressure becomes greater than __ pressure

Answer 8

aortic, pulmonary artery

Question 9

what causes normal closure of ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

LA pressure becomes greater than RA, blood flow reversal in foramen ovale and DA, flap valve occludes FO and constricts smooth muscle to stop flow and fibrosis of DA

Question 10

Foals can get respiratory disease via __ or __

Answer 10

in utero via placentitis or post partum

Question 11

what are the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia in foals

Answer 11

1. E. Coli
2. K. Pneumonia
3. Pasturella
4. Actinobacillus
5. Streptococcus

Question 12

how do you dx bacterial pneumonia in foals

Answer 12

1. Blood culture
2. TTW- traumatic
3. Rads
4. Ultrasound

Question 13

what is tx for bacterial pneumonia in foals

Answer 13

1. Oxygen
2. Abx- penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides
3. Anti-inflammatories
4. Nebulization

Question 14

what are some causes of aspiration pneumonia in foals

Answer 14

1. Meconium
2. Milk

Question 15

what are some causes of viral pneumonia in foals

Answer 15

1. EHV1/4
2. Influenza

Question 16

what is major sequela of viral pneumonia in foals

Answer 16

ARDS

Question 17

how can immature lungs cause respiratory disease in foals

Answer 17

1. Surfactant- not produced get alveolar collapse
2. Poor ventilation

Question 18

what does R. Equi cause in foals

Answer 18

chronic, suppurative bronchopneumonia, abscesses

Question 19

from foal- what likely cause

Answer 19

R. Equi

Question 20

what are some extra pulmonary signs of R. Equi in foals

Answer 20

1. Polysynovitis
2. Uveitis
3. Ulcerative colitis
4. Septic arthritis
5. Osteomyelitis

Question 21

what is pathophysiology of R. Equi

Answer 21

1. Found in soil
2. Infection via inhalation
3. VapA gene virulence factor allows it to live in macrophages

Question 22

how do you dx R. Equi in foals

Answer 22

rads, ultrasound, TTW/culture

Question 23

what is tx for R. Equi

Answer 23

Macrolide + rifampin (Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin)

Question 24

what type of pneumonia does ARDS cause

Answer 24

acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia

Question 25

what is pathophysiology of ARDS

Answer 25

1. Acute systemic inflammatory response 2. Increased epithelial permeability 3. Protein rich fluid enters alveoli 4. Loss of gas exchange 5. Acute respiratory failure

Question 26

what are some clinical signs of ARDS

Answer 26

1. Sudden onset severe tachypnea 2. Labored breathing 3. Reduce bronchovesivular sounds 4. Fever 5. Cyanosis 6. Hypoxemia 7. Poor response to nasal O2 8. Hyper apnea 9. Respiratory acidosis

Question 27

what is tx for ARDS

Answer 27

1. Abx 2. Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS, corticosteroids) 3. Nasal O2 4. Air conditioned stalls/fans 5. Bronchodilators

Question 28

what is prognosis for ARDS

Answer 28

guarded

Question 29

why do newborn foals sometimes have occasional crackles, especially after rising

Answer 29

simple atelectasis

Question 30

t or f: cough reflex decreased in foals

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what is meconium

Answer 31

1st fetal waste

Question 32

when in meconium typically passed

Answer 32

first 24h-49ers

Question 33

what is the most common cause of colic in neonates

Answer 33

meconium impactation

Question 34

what is tx for meconium impaction

Answer 34

1. Enema 2. Acetylcysteine retention enema

Question 35

necrotizing enterocolitis is a sequela to __

Answer 35

perinatal hypoxia

Question 36

what is pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 36

1. Perinatal hypoxia 2. Hypoxia disrupts normal MM 3. Bacteria enter bowel wall 4. Bowel may rupture

Question 37

what is prognosis for necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 37

poor

Question 38

what are some causes of foal diarrhea

Answer 38

1. C. Diff 2. C. Perfringes 3. Salmonella 4. Rotavirus

Question 39

what does rotavirus cause/damage

Answer 39

damages intestinal villi—> malabsorption/ Maldigestion

Question 40

what is morbidity and morality for rotavirus in foals

Answer 40

high morbidity , low mortality

Question 41

how do you prevent rotavirus in foals

Answer 41

vaccinate mare during gestation

Question 42

doudenal ulceration may lead to __

Answer 42

duodenal stricture

Question 43

what is cause of tyzzers disease

Answer 43

C. Piliforme

Question 44

what does tyzzers disease cause and signs

Answer 44

acute hepatitis Signs: depression, fever, icterus, seizures, death

Question 45

foal liver- what likely cause- when arrived at farm was icteric and having seizures

Answer 45

tyzzers diseases- C. Piliforme

Question 46

what are some lab findings with tyzzers diseases

Answer 46

1. Increased liver enzymes 2. Profound hypoglycemia

Question 47

what is tx for tyzzers

Answer 47

1. Broad spectrum abx 2. Nutritional support 3. Supportive care

Question 48

what is gastric pH of newborns and older foals

Answer 48

newborns: 4.1 Older foals: 2.6

Question 49

stomach of nursing foals empties more __

Answer 49

slowly

Question 50

cecum is likely functioning in foals by __wks

Answer 50

2