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biology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive?

A

cells

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2
Q

True or False: all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells

A

True

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3
Q

What are the common features that all cells have?

A

Plasma membrane, Semifluid substance called cytosol, DNA (includes genes), and ribosomes

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4
Q

Where is cytosol?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Describe prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes(5).

A

Eubacteria and archaea, smaller, less complex, no true nucleus, singular circular chromosome

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6
Q

Describe Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes (6).

A

Single-celled or multicellular
larger
more complex
true nucleus
linear chromosomes
membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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8
Q

What determines the size of a cell?

A

metabolic requirements set the upper limits on the size of cells

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9
Q

What happens as a cell increases in size?

A

its volume grows proportionally more than its surface area

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10
Q

What does the inside of a eukaryotic cell have?

A

internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments (the organelles)

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11
Q

How can you visualize cells?

A

Through a microscope

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12
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through the glass lenses
The lenses refract the light so that the image is magnified

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13
Q

How can you view things smaller than a cell?

A

Electron Microscope

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14
Q

Who was June Almeida?

A

gifted electron microscopist
first to produce the image of a coronavirus
studied rubella, hep B, and HIV
pioneered using the electron microscope to diagnose viral diseases

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15
Q

Study cell structure image

A

.

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16
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

most of the cells genes

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17
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane; each membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer

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19
Q

DNA + Protein=____

A

chromatin

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20
Q

Where is the nucleolus located?

A

within the nucleus

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21
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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22
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

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23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

carry out protein synthesis (take instructions from mRNA and turn into protein) in two locations

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24
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

in the cytosol (free ribosomes)
on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) (Rough ER)

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25
Q

What is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

regulates protein traffic into and out of cells

26
Q

What does the endomembrane consist of?

A

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

27
Q

How are the components of the endomembrane connected?

A

either continuous or vis transfer vesicles

28
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells and is continuous with the nuclear envelope

29
Q

What is smooth ER like?

A

lacks ribosomes

30
Q

What is rough ER like?

A

surface is studded with ribosomes

31
Q

What does the golgi apparatus consist of?

A

flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

32
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies products of the ER
sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

33
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules ( both foreign “food” and self)

34
Q

Where do the lysosome enzymes work best?

A

in the acidic environment inside the lysosome (like the stomach)

35
Q

How are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes made?

A

by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for processing

36
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

when some cells engulf another cell

37
Q

How are food vacuoles formed?

A

phagocytosis

38
Q

How are molecules digested in the cell?

A

Lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole and digest molecules

39
Q

What is autophagy?

A

when lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

40
Q

Describe vacuoles in an animal cell

A

Generally small and multiple… mature plant cells usually have one central one

41
Q

Where are contractile vacuoles found?

A

in many freshwater protists

42
Q

What is the function of contractile vacuoles?

A

To pump excess water out of cells

43
Q

Where are central vacuoles found?

A

mature plant cells

44
Q

What is the function of central vacuoles?

A

hold organic compounds and water

45
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

46
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

to organize cells structure and activities
also anchors many organelles

47
Q

What three structures compose the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

48
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

largest hollow tubes made of tubulin dimers

49
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

miotic spindle for chromosome separation during cell division
“tracks” for transport of organelles and vesicles

50
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

smallest, coiled chains of actin monomers

51
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

cell shape, structure
cell motility

52
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

cell shape/organization

53
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found?

A

in animals

54
Q

Which tubule/filament is the least dynamic?

A

intermediate filaments

55
Q

Where are microtubules found in animal cells?

A

growing out of the centrosome near the nucleus (centrioles+ proteins)

56
Q

In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of ____, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.

A

centrioles

57
Q

What makes up the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)?

A

centrioles+proteins

58
Q

What is the function of cilia and flagella?

A

propel unicellular eukaryotes through water

59
Q

What do microtubules control?

A

the beating of flagella and cilia

60
Q

True or false: cilia and flagella have the same beating pattern

A

false

61
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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