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Lecture 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis: What is heredity?

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Meiosis: How is variation represented?

A

By the differences in appearance that offspring show from their parents and siblings

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3
Q

Meiosis: What is genetics?

A

the scientific study of heredity and variation

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4
Q

True/False: children inherit particular physical traits from their parents?

A

False they inherit genes

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5
Q

Meiosis: What happens during asexual reproduction?

A

a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes (clone)

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6
Q

Meiosis: What is a clone?

A

A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

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7
Q

Meiosis: What happens during sexual reproduction?

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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8
Q

Meiosis: What is a life cycle?

A

the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

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9
Q

Meiosis: How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

23 (46 individual)

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10
Q

Meiosis: What is a karyotype?

A

an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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11
Q

Meiosis: What are homologous chromosomes?

A

two chromosomes in each pair of a karyotype

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12
Q

Meiosis: What are the sex chromosomes called?

A

X and Y

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13
Q

Meiosis: What chromosomes do women have?

A

XX

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14
Q

Meiosis: What chromosomes do men have?

A

XY

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15
Q

Meiosis: What are the characteristics of chromosomes in homologous pairs?

A

they are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

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16
Q

Meiosis: What are autosomes?

A

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes in a karyotype excluding the sex chromosomes

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17
Q

Meiosis: Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes ___ chromosome from each parent?

A

One

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18
Q

Meiosis: How many chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

A

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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19
Q

Meiosis: What is the diploid number for humans?

A

46 (2n=46)

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20
Q

Meiosis: How many chromosomes does a gamete contain and what is it called?

A

a single set of chromosomes, haploid cell (n)

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21
Q

Meiosis: What is the haploid number for humans?

A

23 (n=23)

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22
Q

Meiosis: What is fertilization?

A

the union of gametes (sperm and egg)

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23
Q

Meiosis: What is a zygote?

A

the fertilized egg

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24
Q

Meiosis: How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

one set of chromosomes from each parent

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25
Q

Meiosis: What does the zygote do and what does it turn into?

A

It produces somatic cells by mitosis and turns into an adult; most of life cycle is a diploid

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26
Q

The alternation of ___ and __ is common to all organisms that reproduce sexually.

A

meiosis and fertilization

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27
Q

True/False: haploid or diploid cells can undergo mitosis

A

True

28
Q

Only ___ cells can undergo meiosis.

A

diploid

29
Q

Humans and most animals ___ are the only haploid cells.

A

gametes

30
Q

True/False: Both diploid and haploid stages can be multicellular- performed by plants and algae.

A

True

31
Q

Meiosis: What does meiosis do to the number of chromosome sets?

A

reduces the number of chromosomes sets from diploid to haploud

32
Q

Meiosis: Meiosis is preceded by ___________.

A

the replication of chromosomes

33
Q

Meiosis: What are the two consecutive cell divisions called in meiosis?

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

34
Q

Meiosis: What do meiosis I and II result in?

A

four daughter cells

35
Q

What does mitosis result in compared to meiosis?

A

2 daughter cells

36
Q

Meiosis: How many chromosomes does the daughter cell have?

A

half as many as the parent cell

37
Q

Meiosis: How are the chromatids sorted?

A

into four haploid daughter cells

38
Q

Meiosis: How are sister chromatids formed?

A

DNA replication of individual chromosomes

39
Q

Meiosis: What separates on Meiosis I?

A

homologous chromosomes

40
Q

Meiosis: What separates in Meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids, analogous to mitosis

41
Q

True/False: Sister chromatids are identical.

A

True

42
Q

True/False: homologs may have minor difference

A

true; each was inherited from a different parent

43
Q

Homologous chromosomes only associate during ___.

A

meiosis

44
Q

Meiosis: What are the stages of meiosis I?

A

prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I and cytokinesis

45
Q

Meiosis: What key thing happens during prophase I?

A

each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs forming X-shaped regions called chiasmata

46
Q

Meiosis: What happens during metaphase I?

A

pairs of homologs line up at the metaphase plate with one chromosome facing each pole.
Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each pair and microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the other chromosome

47
Q

Meiosis: What happens during Anaphase 1?

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
one chromosome of each pair moves toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus & sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

48
Q

True/False: Paternal chromosomes are segregated at different poles in metaphase I and anaphase I

A

False they are not segregated based on parental origin

49
Q

Meiosis: What happens in the beginning of telophase I?

A

each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids

50
Q

Meiosis: What is the product of cytokinesis I ?

A

two haploid daughter cells

51
Q

Meiosis: What is the difference between animal cells and plant cells in cytokinesis?

A

in anima cells a cleavage furrow forms, in plant cells a cell plate forms

52
Q

Meiosis: No ____ occurs between the end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II

A

chromosome replication; they are already replicated

53
Q

Meiosis: How many chromosomes does each cell have and where are they from; in Telophase I and cytokinesis?

A

each cell only has one set of duplicated chromosomes either maternal OR paternal version, not both

54
Q

Meiosis: why are the cells in telophase I and cytokinesis still considered haploid?

A

the sister chromatids are identical (except for the regions crossing over

55
Q

Meiosis: What happens in prophase II?

A

a spindle apparatus forms
in late prophase II, chromosomes (still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

56
Q

Meiosis: What happens in metaphase II?

A

the sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate
the two sister chromatids are no longer identical due to crossing over
the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

57
Q

Meiosis: What happens in anaphase II?

A

the sister chromatids separate
the sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

58
Q

Meiosis: What happens during telophase II and cytokinesis?

A

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing
cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm

59
Q

Meiosis: What is the result of meiosis?

A

four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes
each daughter cell is genetically distinct from others and from parent cell

60
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in chromosome sets?

A

-mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
- meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

61
Q

Meiosis: What is unique to meiosis that mitosis does not have?

A

crossing over, alignment of homologous pairs at metaphase plate (metaphase I)homologous, separation of homologs (anaphase I)

62
Q

Does synapsis and crossing over happen in prophase of mitosis?

A

No

63
Q

In mitosis ____ line up at metaphase plate, not ____

A

individual chromosomes NOT homologs

64
Q

In anaphase I what moves and what remains.

A

duplicated chromosomes of each homologous pair move toward opposite poles and sister chromatids remain attached

65
Q

In meiosis how is sister chromatid cohesion released?

A

in 2 steps, first at the arms and then at the centromere (anaphase I and II respectively)

66
Q

What is the purpose of Sister chromatid cohesion in metaphase I?

A

helps homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate in metaphase I

67
Q

Mitosis and meiosis are ____.

A

virtually identical

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