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lecture 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?

A

serves as fuel and building material

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2
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, or simple sugars

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3
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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4
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide and what is it’s formula?

A

glucose C6H12O6

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5
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

The location of the carbonyl group
The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
a carbonyl or hydroxyl on each carbon
asymmetric carbons (chiral centers) large number of isoforms

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6
Q

How is a disaccharide formed?

A

when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides in covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage

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7
Q

What is the function of polysaccahrides?

A

storage and structural ; depending on its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

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8
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

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9
Q

_____ are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

A

lipids

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10
Q

What is the unifying feature of lipids?

A

they mix poorly, if at all, with water

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11
Q

What are the most biologically important lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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12
Q

Why do lipids not mix with water?

A

They mostly consist of hydrocarbon regions

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13
Q

What are fats constructed of?

A

two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What is glycerol?

A

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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15
Q

What does a fatty acid consist of?

A

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

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16
Q

What is another word for three fat molecules?

A

Triglyceride

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17
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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18
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

have one or more double bonds

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19
Q

What are steroids?

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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20
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

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21
Q

What can high cholesterol do?

A

cause cardiovascular disease

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22
Q

What accounts for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells?

A

protein

23
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A

speed up chemical reactions (enzymes), defense storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support

24
Q

What are proteins constructed out of ?

A

the same set of 20 amino acids

25
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

unbranched polymers built from these amino acids

26
Q

Why do amino acids differ in their properties?

A

due to differing side chains, called R groups

27
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

covalent bonds called peptide bonds

28
Q

True or False: polypeptides vary in length

A

True

29
Q

What is the structure of polypeptides?

A

a linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end and an amino end

30
Q

What are proteins constructed of?

A

one or more polypeptides that are twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

31
Q

What is primary structure and how is it determined?

A

its like the order of letters in a word and its determined by inherited genetic information, it determines the higher level of protein structures

32
Q

How do the coils form on secondary structures?

A

from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone (the atoms that are the same in each amino acid)

33
Q

What are typical secondary structures and what are they called?

A

they are a coil called an alpha helix and a folded structure called a beta pleated sheet

34
Q

What is a tertiary structure and how does it form?

A

the overall shape of a polypeptide, it results from interactions between R groups (interactions such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals interactions)

35
Q

What are disulfide bridges?

A

strong covalent bonds that may reinforce a proteins structure

36
Q

How does a Quaternary structure form?

A

when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

37
Q

Given 2 examples of a quaternary structure.

A

collagen and hemoglobin

38
Q

What is collagen?

A

a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

39
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides; two alpha and 2 beta

40
Q

How is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed?

A

By a gene

41
Q

What do genes consist of?

A

DNA (polymer of monomers called nucleotides)

42
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

43
Q

What is the role of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, mRNA directs protein synthesis (gene expression)

44
Q

How are nucleotides linked together?

A

phosphodiester linkage

45
Q

What does a phosphodiester linkage consist of?

A

phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides

46
Q

Nitrogenous bases are _____.

A

appendages

47
Q

True or False; The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene

A

True

48
Q

What is the basic structure of DNA molecules?

A

two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix

49
Q

How does the backbone of DNA run?

A

antiparallel> opposite directions

50
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs?

A

adenine (A) with thymine (T)
guanine (G) cytosine (C)

51
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

RNA is often single-stranded although complementary pairing can also occur between two RNA molecules or between pairs of the same molecule
In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil (U) so A and U pair
RNA uses ribose (an extra hydroxyl compared to DNA)

52
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

in low oxygen conditions, red blood cells deform to a “sickle shape” which clogs capillaries
It was one of the first genetic diseases to be treated with gene editing therapy

53
Q

Who was William W Cardozo?

A

a medical doctor and a pioneer in the field of sickle-cell research. He discovered that it was almost exclusively in those of African decent

54
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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