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biology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an electron orbital?

A

a 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time

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2
Q

How many electrons can occupy each orbital?

A

2

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3
Q

What is the definition of energy?

A

the capacity to cause change

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4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

the energy that matter has because of its location or structure

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5
Q

How do the electrons in an atom differ?

A

By their amount of potential energy

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6
Q

What is an electrons state of potential energy called?

A

energy level or electron shell

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7
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell)

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8
Q

What influences the chemical behavior of an element?

A

valence electrons

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9
Q

How do electrons close to the nucleus behave?

A

they tend to stay there and they are typically hard to lose (oxidze)

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10
Q

What does it mean for something to oxidize?

A

It loses electrons

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11
Q

What does it mean for an element to be inert?

A

It has a full valence shell

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12
Q

What effect do unpaired electrons have on an atom?

A

They make atoms more reactive

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13
Q

How is the chemical behavior of an atom determined?

A

By the distribution of electrons in the electron shell

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14
Q

What type of bond holds together shared valence electrons with other atoms?

A

Chemical bonds

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15
Q

What are the types of covalent bonds?

A

polar and nonpolar

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16
Q

What are the types of noncovalent bonds?

A

Ionic, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals, Hydrophobic interactions (not really a bond)

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17
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

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18
Q

Describe the strength of covalent bonds.

A

strong and contain stored energy

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19
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

atoms share the electron equally

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20
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

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21
Q

What does unequal sharing of electrons result in?

A

a partial charge for each atom or molecule

22
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

23
Q

How does electronegativity affect an atom?

A

The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

24
Q

What bond form most cell molecules?

A

covalent

25
Q

How are large biological molecules held together?

A

by weak bonds

26
Q

What is one advantage of weak bonds?

A

Their reversibility

27
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When atoms strip (not share) electrons from their bonding partners
An attraction between an anion and cation

28
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom or molecule

29
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positively charged ion

30
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negatively charged ion

31
Q

What are compounds called that are formed by ionic bonds?

A

Ionic compounds or salts (not molecules)

32
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and is also attached to another electronegative atom

33
Q

What two elements are commonly found with hydrogen bonding?

A

Oxygen and nitrogen

34
Q

What is the strength of Van der Waals forces?

A

Individually weak, collectively strong

35
Q

What is a hydrophobic interaction?

A

nonpolar substances that cant hydrogen bond with water

36
Q

What is the only substance that is common to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter?

A

water

37
Q

What is unique to water that helps make Earth suitable for life?

A

emergent properties

38
Q

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in _____.

A

hydrogen bonding

39
Q

What allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with eachother?

A

Polarity

40
Q

Water is in a permanent ___.

A

Dipole

41
Q

What are the four emergent properties of water?

A

Cohesive behavior and water tension
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility and a solvent

42
Q

What type of things can dissolve in water?

A

ionic compounds, nonionic polar molecules, large polar molecules (proteins),

43
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

affinity for water

44
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

45
Q

What is a base?

A

a substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

46
Q

What do strong acids an bases do in water?

A

dissociate completely

47
Q

What do acids and bases shift

A

OH- and H+ concentrations

48
Q

What is the internal pH of most living cells?

A

7

49
Q

What are buffers?

A

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

50
Q

What does a buffer usually consist of?

A

weak acid and its corresponding base, which combine reversibly with H+ ions

51
Q
A
52
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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