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lecture 24 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the steps for gene-to-protein expression

A

Transcription
Translation
Post-translational modifications
Genetic mutations

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2
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A

DNA-> Transcription->RNA-> Translation-> Protein

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3
Q

Where does transcription take place in a prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Where does translation take place in a prokaryotic cell?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A

nucleus

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6
Q

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where does RNA processing take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

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8
Q

What are the forms that DNA goes through before becoming a polypeptide in a prokaryotic cell?

A

RNA, mRNA, ribosome-> polypeptide

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9
Q

What are the forms that DNA goes through before becoming a polypeptide in a eukaryotic cell?

A

DNA, Pre-mRNA, mRNA, ribosome-> polypeptide

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10
Q

What is the difference between gene expression in a prokaryotic cell vs eukaryotic cell?

A

prokaryotic cells dont process mRNA (no introns)
In eukaryotic cells, mRNA is processed (introns are present and these are spices out from pre-mRNA

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11
Q

What is a codon?

A

three nucleotide bases, eg GAA

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12
Q

How many possibilities for codons are there?

A

64 ; 4^3

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13
Q

What does redundancy mean in mRNA and what is the exception?

A

Codes for all 20 amino acids
multiple codons for one amino acid
exception: AUG for Methionine and UGG for Tryptophan

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14
Q

True/False: all mRNA have unambiguous codes?

A

true; no 2 amino acids have the same code

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15
Q

Is mRNA codes universal?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is a promoter?

A

DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to

17
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that initiates and drives RNA synthesis

18
Q

What is a start point?

A

where the transcription starts

19
Q

What is a transcription unit?

A

DNA sequence (gene) coding for RNA molecule + termination sequence

20
Q

What happens during the initiation of transcription (step 1)?

A

-RNA polymerase pries the DNA strands apart and catalyzes joining of RNA nucleotides using the Template strand of DNA
-the mRNA mase is complementary to the DNA template strand
-RNA polymerase does not need any primer (unlike DNA polymerase)
-DNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA, except that uracil substitutes for thymine

21
Q

What happens during the elongation of RNA transcript (step2)?

A

-as RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it untwists the double helix, 10 to 20 bases at a time
-transcription progresses at a rate of 40 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes
-nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule
-a gene can be transcribes simultaneously be several RNA polymerases (multiple copies of mRNA are mase from the same template

22
Q

What happens during the termination of transcription (step 3)?

A

-in bacteria, the polymerase stops transcription at the end of the terminator and the mRNA can be translated without further modification
-the mechanisms of termination are different in bacteria and eukaryotes
-in eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes past the terminator sequence

23
Q

What occurs in transcription initiation in bacteria?

A

-sigma factor recognizes specific DNA sequences at -10 Region and -35 region
-other RNA polymerase subunits bind to sigma
-sigma remains while the others begin trasncriptions

24
Q

What is the function of the sigma factor?

A

recognizes specific DNA sequence at -10 Region and -35 region

25
Q

What is the role of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?

A

bind the promoter sequence

26
Q

What do activators do in eukaryotic transcription?

A

bind to the enhancer sequences (sometimes far away)

27
Q

What do Co-activators do in eukaryotic transcription?

A

bring everyone together including RNA polymerase

28
Q

What does RNA polymerase do in eukaryotic transcription?

A

takes off by itself

29
Q

What do bacterial genes not have?

A

introns= no RNA processing

30
Q

What is the function of RNA processing?

A

addition of the 5’ CAP and poly-a-tail

31
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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