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lecture 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?

A

the ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind

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2
Q

What is the continuity of life based on?

A

the reproduction of cell, or cell division

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3
Q

What is cell division?

A

the reproduction of cells

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4
Q

What is cell theory?

A

cells come from other living cells

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5
Q

What are examples of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

binary fusion (a type of cell divison)

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7
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A

-the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication) and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
-the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two

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8
Q

What type of cells undergo binary fission?

A

Prokaryotes and single-cell eukaryotes

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9
Q

Which came first; prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

Where did mitosis probably evolve from?

A

binary fission

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11
Q

Binary fission is defined as ______ reproduction

A

asexual

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12
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes

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13
Q

What does most cell division result in? What is the exception?

A

two daughter cells with identical genetic information
exception: meiosis for sperm and egg cells

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14
Q

What is a cells genome?

A

All the DNA in a cell

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15
Q

What do eukaryotic chromosomes consist of?

A

chromatin

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16
Q

What makes up chromosomes?

A

DNA and protein that condense during cell divisions

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17
Q

Where is chromatin found?

A

eukaryotic chromosomes

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18
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell contain?

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

a non-reproductive cells

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20
Q

What are gametes?

A

reproductive cells

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21
Q

What is an example of a gamete?

A

sperm and eggs

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22
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

half as many chromosomes as a somatic cell (23)

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23
Q

True/False: every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus.

A

True

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24
Q

Do diploid cells have an even or uneven amount of chromosomes?

A

Even

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25
Q

What happens in preparation for cell division?

A

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

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26
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

joined copies of the original chromosomes

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27
Q

Cell division: Each duplicated chromosome has _______.

A

two sister chromatids

28
Q

What is the centromere?

A

the narrow ‘waist’ of the duplicated chromosomes where the two chromatids are most closely attached.

29
Q

Where are the two chromatids most closely attached?

A

the centromere

30
Q

Cell division: what happens to the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome?

A

they separate and move into two nuclei. they are now chromosomes

31
Q

What process makes a chromatid a chromosome?

A

When the two sister chromatids separate and move into two nuclei

32
Q

How many centromeres are there during cell divison?

A

one for each sister chromatid

33
Q

Briefly explain the process of cell division?

A

-one chromosome duplicates (including DNA replication) into two sister chromatids connected by their entire length (chromatid cohesion)
-each chromatid contains a copy of the DNA molecule
-the sister chromatids separate into two chromosomes and distribute them into two daughter cells

34
Q

Cell cycle: what phases does the cell cycle consist of?

A

mitotic (M) phase ( mitosis and cytokinesis)
interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes for divison)

35
Q

Cell cycle: What phase makes up 90% of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

36
Q

Cell cycle: what are the 3 phases of interphase and describe them?

A

G1 phase “first gap”
S phase “synthesis”
G2 phase “second gap”

37
Q

Cell cycle: What phase are chromosomes duplicated in?

A

S phase

38
Q

Cell cycle: What phase do cells grow in?

A

All the phases: G1, S, and G2

39
Q

Cell cycle: What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
40
Q

How many stages of mitosis are there?

A

5

41
Q

Cell cycle: How are the stages in mitosis distinguished?

A

-Changes in status of nuclear envelope
- Degree of chromosomes condensation (Nucleoli)
-Sister chromatid cohesion
-Status of mitotic spindle
-Position of centrosomes

42
Q

Cell cycle: What is the mitotic spindle?

A

made up of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis

43
Q

Cell cycle: Where does the assembly of the mitotic spindle being in animal cells?

A

the centrosome, the microtubule- organizing center (MTOC)

44
Q

Cell cycle: When does the centrosome replicate?

A

during interphase

45
Q

Cell cycle: What happens to the centrosome in prophase and prometaphase?

A

they migrate to opposite ends of the cell

46
Q

Cell cycle: When does the centrosome migrate to opposite ends of the cell?

A

prophase and prometaphase

47
Q

Cell cycle: What is on each end of each centrosome?

A

and aster

48
Q

Cell cycle: What is an aster?

A

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

49
Q

Cell cycle: What does the spindle include?

A

centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters

50
Q

True/False: A cell can still divide if the centrosome is removed?

A

True

51
Q

Cell cycle: Where does a lot of error occur?

A

mitosis

52
Q

Plant cells do not have ____ or ____ and are still capable of cell divison.

A

centrioles and centrosomes

53
Q

What is thought to have evolved as an improvement to cell division?

A

centrioles

54
Q

Cell cycle: what happens during prometaphase?

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes

55
Q

Cell cycle: What are kinetochores?

A

protein complexes associated with centromere

56
Q

Cell cycle: what are the protein complexes associated with centromere?

A

kinetochore

57
Q

Cell cycle: What happens to the chromosomes during metaphase?

A

the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate

58
Q

Cell cycle: What is the metaphase plate?

A

an imaginary plane midway between the spindles two poles

59
Q

Cell cycle: What happens during the beginning of anaphase?

A

the sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell

60
Q

Cell cycle: What happens at the end of anaphase?

A

duplicate groups of chromosomes have arrived at opposite ends of the elongated cell

61
Q

Cell cycle: When does cytokinesis begin and what happens?

A

during anaphase or telophase, the spindle eventually disassembles

62
Q

Cell cycle: What happens during the cytokinesis of animal cells?

A

-The cleavage furrow forms near the old metaphase plate
- a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with myosin motor proteins forms on the cytoplasmic side

63
Q

Cell cycle: What happens during cytokinesis in the plant cell?

A

-they don’t have a cleavage furrow
- vesicles derived from the Golgi move along microtubules to produce a cell plate int he middle of the cell, vesicles carry cell wall material
- it continues to fuse with plasma membrane, new cell wall forms between daughter cells

64
Q

Cell cycle: is there a nuclear envelope in G2?

A

Yes it is fully in tact?

65
Q

Cell cycle: Is there a nuclear envelope in prophase?

A

Yes

66
Q

Cell cycle: Is there a nuclear envelope in prometaphase?

A

No only fragments

biology (28 decks)

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