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lecture 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

“self feeders” that sustain themselves without eating other organisms

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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

obtain organic material form other organisms

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis commonly called

A

reverse respiration

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4
Q

What does photosynthesis do in terms of electrons?

A

reverses the direction of electron flow compared to respiration- electrons leave water and go to carbon

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5
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

A

chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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6
Q

What kind of reactions does photosynthesis consist of?

A

light and dark reactions

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7
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

in the thylakoids

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8
Q

What happens during light reactions?

A

-split H2O
-release O2
-Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
-generate ATP from ADP by photo-phosphorylation

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9
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle?

A

in the stroma

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10
Q

What does the Calvin cycle do?

A

forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

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11
Q

What is the site of photosynthesis in plants?

A

chloroplasts

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12
Q

Where are chloroplasts located in plants?

A

In the mesophyll of leaves, the interior tissue of the leaves

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13
Q

What are stomata?

A

microscopic pores on leaves where CO2 enters and O2 exits

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14
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

an envelope of two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called the stroma

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15
Q

What is stroma?

A

dense fluid in chloroplasts

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16
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

connected sacs in the chloroplasts that compose a third membrane system

17
Q

What are grana?

A

the third membrane system in chloroplasts

18
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

the pigment that gives leaves their green color

19
Q

Where is chlorophyll located (specifically)?

A

thylakoid membranes

20
Q

What are photons?

A

discrete particles that make up light

21
Q

What are pigments?

A

substances that absorb visible light
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths

22
Q

What happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed?

A

they are reflected or transmitted

23
Q

What happens when a pigment absorbs light?

A

It goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable

24
Q

What happens when excited electrons fall back to the ground state?

A

excess energy is released as heat

25
Q

What is fluorescence?

A

an afterglow produced by pigments that emit light in isolation

26
Q

What does the light-harvesting complex consist of?

A

pigmented molecules bound to proteins and transfer the energy of photons to the chlorophyll ‘a’ molecules in the reaction-center complex

27
Q

What is the reaction center complex?

A

an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll ‘a’ molecules and a primary electron acceptor

28
Q

Why are chlorophyll ‘a’ molecules so special?

A

because they can transfer an excited electron to a different molecule

29
Q

What does a primary electron acceptor do?

A

accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

30
Q

What is the Z scheme?

A

describes the oxidation/reduction changes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

31
Q

What are the main products of light reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH

32
Q

What is used to fix carbon in the calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

33
Q

What are the similarities in mitochondrial and chloroplast structures?

A

-multiple membranes and compartments
-both respiration and photosynthesis feature an electron transport chain
-both ETC’s establish a proton gradient that is coupled to ATP synthesis
-generate ATP by chemiosmosis, but use different sources of energy

34
Q

What is the source of energy in mitochondria

A

H+ in intermembrane space drives ATP synthesis as H+ diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix

35
Q

What is the source of energy in chloroplasts?

A

H+ pumped into the thylakoid space (lumen) drives ATP synthesis as H+ diffuse back into the stroma

36
Q

Where are ATP and NADPH produced

A

on the side facing the stroma where the calvin cycle takes place

37
Q

Light reactions generate ___ and ____ the potential energy of electrons by moving them from ___ to ____.

A

Light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH.

biology (28 decks)

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