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biology > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of cell junctions?

A

exchange nutrients and ions

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2
Q

How do animal cells exchange nutrients and ions?

A

Gap junctions

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3
Q

What are gap junctions made of?

A

channel proteins called Connnexin

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4
Q

How do plant cells exchange nutrients and ions?

A

Plasmodesmata

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5
Q

What is cell-cell recognition?

A

Receptor on one cell binds to a ligand on another

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6
Q

What are the two types of cell communication?

A

Cell junctions and cell-cell recognition

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7
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

The signaling molecule secreted by one cell is received by neighboring cell

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8
Q

What are the two types of local cell signaling?

A

Paracrine and Synaptic

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9
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

Neurotransmitter secreted by neuron is received by the target cell (muscle cells)

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10
Q

What is a type of long-distance signaling in cells?

A

Endocrine

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11
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

When a hormone secreted by the endocrine gland into the bloodstream reaches its target located at a distance

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12
Q

What are the three major steps to cell signaling?

A

Reception (start), Signal Transduction (process), Response (outcome)

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13
Q

What are the types of reception that can happen in cell signaling?

A

Direct contact, Paracrine (growth factors), synaptic (neurotransmitters), endocrine (hormones)

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14
Q

Where does signal transduction occur?

A

withing the cell, pathways and network

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15
Q

What is the response stage in cell signaling and give examples.

A

activation of cellular response; Metabolic activity, gene transcription
EX: cell survival, cell division, cell death

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16
Q

What does UV light do to DNA (name)?

A

causes pyrimidine dimers

17
Q

What occurs to produce a pyrimidine dimer?

A

Adjacent T,T; C,T; or C,C fuse with new covalent bonds that cannot be ‘read’ by the cell

18
Q

What happens when DNA damage is detected?

A

proteins working in a complex disassociate (p53 and MDM2)

19
Q

What does a connection line with a perpendicular line mean in cellular damage map?

A

one protein is blocking or inhibiting the actions of another; it prevent mutations from being passed on to new cells

20
Q

What does an arrow pointing at a protein mean in the cell diagram?

A

activation of another protein or pathway

21
Q

What happens to the heart when fight or flight mode is activated?

A

heart rate increases and pumps blood

22
Q

What happens to the lungs when fight or flight mode is activated?

A

bronchodilation -respiration

23
Q

What happens to the liver when fight or flight mode is activated?

A

mobilize glucose

24
Q

What is the function of Glycogen phosphorylase?

A

produces the cellular response to epinephrine

25
Q

What is a ligand?

A

a signaling molecule

26
Q

What is epinephrine known as?

A

Adrenaline

27
Q

What are the size of ligands?

A

large or small

28
Q

Examples of ligands in nature?

A

protein/carb/lipid/nucleotide/hydrocarbon

29
Q

What do ligands do?

A

they bind to their own receptors- exhibits high specificity to is receptors

30
Q

Where are G Protein coupled receptors located?

A

on the cell membrane

31
Q

What is the function of G Protein coupled receptors?

A

transduce extracellular signals

32
Q

What are the seven transmembrane domains in GPCR?

A

the protein parts that passes through the lipid membrane

33
Q

What is the cytoplasmic domain in GPCR?

A

The part of the protein that goes deeper into the cytoplasmic and makes contact with the relay proteins (G proteins)

34
Q

What is the order of the G protein signaling pathway?

A

1.) Signaling molecules is the first messenger, it binds to GPCR and activates it
2.) Activated GCPR binds to G protein then GTP binds to G protein
3.)Activated G protein binds to enzyme adenylyl cyclase and activates it
4.) Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic MP (cAMP), which works as a second messenger
5.)cAMP activates a kinase important for metabolic activity inside cell

35
Q

What does GCPR do in terms of cell signaling for animals?

A

transduces signals for the 5 senses

36
Q

What is GCPR critical for?

A

drug delivery

37
Q

About 50% of all prescribed drugs target a ___?

A

GCPR

38
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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