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biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What general things are good signs that something is alive?

A

Reproduction, Response to the environment, growth and development, energy processing, order, evolutionary adaptation, regulation (homeostasis)

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2
Q

What is something that blurs the boundary between living and nonliving things?

A

Mobile genetic elements AKA “Jumping genes”

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3
Q

What are the levels of biological organization (smallest to largest)

A

molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organisms
populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere

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4
Q

How many species have been identified and named to date?

A

1.8 million

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5
Q

What is the two-part name each species is given?

A

genus and the species

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6
Q

What is an example of a two-part name each species is given

A

homo sapiens
genus species

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7
Q

What is the estimate of the total number of species that actually exists?

A

10 million to over 100 million

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8
Q

What is the unity that underlies the diversity of life?

A

All living things are made up of cells
DNA

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9
Q

What are cells?

A

basic unit of life

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10
Q

What surrounds a cell?`

A

membrane

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11
Q

What is DNA

A

universal genetic language common to all organisms

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12
Q

How do cells arise?

A

from previously existing cells

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13
Q

What does evolution explain?

A

The unity and diversity of life

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14
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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15
Q

What are the examples of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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16
Q

Bacteria are Archaea are examples of what?

A

prokaryotes

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17
Q

What is contained in a chromosome?

A

one long DNA molecules with hundreds of thousands of genes

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18
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

in chromosomes

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19
Q

What are the units of inheritance?

A

Genes

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20
Q

What is the function of genes?

A

encode information for building proteins, directs the development of an organism

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21
Q

What is responsible for the development of an organism?

A

the genetic information encoded by DNA

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22
Q

What is evolution?

A

the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors

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23
Q

What has evolution proven?

A

life arose once on our planet (unity)

24
Q

What created the diversity of life?

A

selective pressures

25
Q

What are two types of selective pressures?

A

natural selection and sexual selection

26
Q

What is the scientific method (definition)

A

idealized process of inquiry

27
Q

Is the scientific process accurate for real-life inquires?

A

No because v
very few adhere rigidly to this approach

28
Q

What are the steps to scientific method?

A

Observation/Question
Research topic idea
Hypothesis
Test with experiment
Analyze Data
Report Conclusions

29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An explanation based on observations and assumptions that lead to a testable prediction

30
Q

What must a hypothesis lead to?

A

predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments

31
Q

What is an experiment?

A

a scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

32
Q

What is a theory?

A

broader in scope by a hypothesis, supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis. Can lead to new testable hypotheses. Consistent with all available data/observations

33
Q

What are three examples of theories?

A

Germ theory, evolutionary theory, gravity theory

34
Q

What is reductionist biology to systems biology

A

understanding the whole by studying its parts
biological systems display emergent properties
reductionism is complimented by systems biology

35
Q

What is matter made up of?

A

elements

36
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

atoms

37
Q

What is an elements?

A

a substance that can not be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

38
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

39
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A substance consisting of two or more atoms joined together with covalent bonds

40
Q

How many natural elements are there?

A

92

41
Q

Of the natural elements, what percentage are essential elements?

A

20-25%

42
Q

What elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)

43
Q

What make sup the other 4% of living matter?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur (CaPPS)

44
Q

What are trace elements?

A

elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities

45
Q

What does an elements consist of?

A

Unique uniform atoms

46
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

47
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

subatomic particles

48
Q

What are the subatomic particles?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

49
Q

What part of an atom takes up the most space?

A

the electron cloud

50
Q

What defines an element?

A

atomic number

51
Q

What makes up the electron cloud?

A

electrons around the nucleus

52
Q

In neutral atoms, what is the numbers of protons and electrons?

A

protons=#electrons

53
Q

What are the units of neutron mass and proton mass (atomic mass unit)?

A

daltons

54
Q

What is the relationship between neutron mass and proton mass?

A

They are almost identical

55
Q

Who discovered Rf and Db

A

James A. Harris

56
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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