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biology > lecture 10 > Flashcards

lecture 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

they bind the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

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2
Q

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

they bind to another part of an enzyme, making the active site less effective

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3
Q

Which inhibitor competes with the substrate?

A

competitive inhibitor

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4
Q

Which inhibitor makes the active site less effective?

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

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5
Q

What are some examples of inhibitors?

A

toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

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6
Q

What is Vmax on a Reaction Rate vs Substrate Concentration graph?

A

the saturation point for a particular amount of enzyme.
the maximal reaction rate when substrate is not limiting.

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7
Q

What is Km on a Reaction Rate vs Substrate Concentration graph?

A

substrate concentration at which reaction velocity is half maximal.
inversely related to enzyme affinity.

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8
Q

Compared to a normal enzyme on a graph: competitive inhibitors have the same __ but different ___.

A

same Vmax, different Km

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9
Q

Compared to a normal enzyme on a graph: noncompetitive inhibitors have the same __ but different ___.

A

same Km different Vmax

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10
Q

Definition of thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformation

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11
Q

What is an isolated (closed) system?

A

A system is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings

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12
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system is able to exchange energy and matter between the surroundings

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13
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.

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14
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy associated with motion

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15
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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16
Q

Are organisms and life an open or closed system?

A

Open

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17
Q

What is Potential energy?

A

the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

What is Chemical energy?

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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19
Q

True/False: Energy cannot be converted into other forms.

A

False. Energy CAN be converted into other forms

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20
Q

Total Entropy (S) can only increase in a ___ system.

A

isolated (closed)

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21
Q

True/False: During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat to the universe

A

True

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22
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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23
Q

What property is associated with disorder?

A

Entropy (S)

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24
Q

What is entropy?

A

“waste heat” or energy loss, from heat engines and other mechanical devices which could never run with 100% efficiency in converting energy into work, a measure of molecular disorder or randomness

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25
Q

How do spontaneous reactions occur?

A

without energy input

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26
Q

What is the rate of spontaneous reactions?

A

quickly OR slowly

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27
Q

For a process to occur spontaneously, what must happen?

A

it must increase the entropy of the universe

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28
Q

What are nonspontaneous reactions?

A

Reactions that decrease entropy of a system

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29
Q

How do nonspontaneous reactions occur?

A

Only if energy is provided

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30
Q

What are anabolic processes?

A

When organisms create ordered structures from less organized forms of energy and matter

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31
Q

What are catabolic processes?

A

When organisms replace ordered forms of matter and energy in their surroundings with less ordered forms

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32
Q

The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the ____ law of thermodynamics.

A

second

33
Q

True/False: Entropy may decrease in a particular system, such as an organism, as long as the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases

A

True

34
Q

What does the free energy change (G) of a reaction tell us?

A

whether or not the reaction occurred spontaneously

35
Q

True/False: Spontaneous processes occur without energy input.

A

True

36
Q

What is a systems free energy (G)?

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

37
Q

What is the change in free energy related to during a process?

A

change in total energy (H), change in entropy (S), the temperature in Kelvin (T)

38
Q

___ is negative for all spontaneous processes.

A

delta G

39
Q

Processes with zero or positive deltaG are ____.

A

never spontaneous

40
Q

What can spontaneous reactions be harnessed for?

A

to perfrom work

41
Q

A systems free energy (G) is a measure of what?

A

the systems instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

42
Q

During a spontaneous change, free energy ___ and the stability of a system ____.

A

free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

43
Q

What is the only time a spontaneous reaction can occur?

A

When it is moving toward equillibrium

44
Q

Does higher free energy mean more or less stable?

A

less

45
Q

Does lower free energy mean more or less stable?

A

more

46
Q

What happens when reactions in a closed system reach equillibrium?

A

They can do no more work

47
Q

True/False: Cells are not in equilibrium. Why?

A

True, they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

48
Q

What is a defining feature of life?

A

metabolism is never at equilibrium

49
Q

Are chemical reactions reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

50
Q

What do the two opposite-headed arrows indicate in reaction sequence

A

a reaction is reversible

51
Q

When is chemical equilibrium reached?

A

when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

52
Q

What is the concentration of reactants and products ta equilibrium?

A

they do not change

53
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules

54
Q

What does an organisms metabolism do?

A

transforms matter and energy

55
Q

How does the metabolic pathway begin and end?

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

56
Q

What do catabolic pathways do?

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

57
Q

What do anabolic pathways do?

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

58
Q

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

A

cellular respiration

59
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

synthesis of proteins from amino acids

60
Q

How does an exergonic reaction proceed?

A

with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous (Delta G negative)

61
Q

How does an endergonic reaction proceed?

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous (delta G positive)

62
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate, cells energy currency

63
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

64
Q

How can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail be broken?

A

by hydrolysis

65
Q

What happens when the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ATP?

A

energy is released

66
Q

Where does the release of energy come from when the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ATP

A

the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, NOT from the phosphate bonds themselves

67
Q

What does ATP power, and how?

A

ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

68
Q

What are the 3 kinds of work cells do?

A

chemical, transport, and mechanical

69
Q

What is chemical work in cells?

A

pushing endergonic reactions to be net exergonic reactions

70
Q

What is transport work in cells?

A

pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement

71
Q

What is an example of mechanical work in cells?

A

contraction of muscle cells

72
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

73
Q

How do cells do work?

A

by managing energy resources by energy coupling

74
Q

Majority of energy coupling in cells is mediated by ___.

A

ATP

75
Q

Are coupled reactions endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

76
Q

True/False: Endergonic reactions can be coupled to exergonic ones to drive them forward.

A

True

77
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

transferring of a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

78
Q

What is a phosphorylated intermediate?

A

The recipient molecules of phosphorylation

79
Q

What is the sign of G in phosphorylation?

A

negative

biology (28 decks)

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