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lecture 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does photosynthesis generate and what is it used for?

A

generates O2 and is used for cellular respiration

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2
Q

How is ATP generated in photosynthesis?

A

cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to generate it, which powers work

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3
Q

What is catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of a biological membrane

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and other organic molecules and produces ATP

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8
Q

What are the two types of redox reactions?

A

Oxidation and reduction

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9
Q

What happens when oxidation occurs?

A

a substance loses electrons or is oxidized (charge becomes more positive)

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10
Q

What happens when reduction occurs?

A

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (positive charge is reduced)

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11
Q

True/False: even a change in the degree of electron sharing between atoms can be considered a redox reaction.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the release of energy used for in redox reaction?

A

to synthesize ATP

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13
Q

What organic molecules are excellent sources of high-energy electrons?

A

organic molecules with an abundance of hydrogen

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14
Q

What happens when electrons associated with hydrogen ions are transferred to oxygen?

A

energy is released and it goes to a lower energy state

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15
Q

Where are electrons transferred to during cellular respiration?

A

NAD+

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16
Q

What is the oxidizing agent during cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ (electron acceptor)

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17
Q

What does NAD+ represent?

A

stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP. NAD+ is a dehydrogenase (enzyme)

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18
Q

What happens through the electron transport chain?

A

NADH passes electrons through the chain, O2 pulls the electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble, the energy is used to regenerate ATP

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19
Q

What is the trend of each member of the electron chain?

A

each member of the chain is more electronegative than the one before

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20
Q

What are the three ways to generate ATP?

A
  1. substrate level phosphorylation
  2. oxidative phosphorylation linked to electron transportation system
  3. Photosynthetic phosphorylation
21
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is made directly, reactions of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

22
Q

Which two methods of generating ATP involve ETS?

A

-oxidative phosphorylation linked to electron transportation system
-Photosynthetic phosphorylation

23
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

uses 2 atp to split the sugar . breaks down glucose into 4 ATP, NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate (each have 3 carbon)

24
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

25
Q

What are the two major phases of glycolysis?

A

energy investment phase
energy payoff phase

26
Q

True/False: glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present.

A

True

27
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

28
Q

All living organisms have the core of glycolysis and are typically cytoplasmic. What does this suggest?

A

the first living cells did a form of glycolysis

29
Q

How does glycolysis generate ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

30
Q

What did Dr. Harold Amos do?

A

discovered 5-methylcytosine in E. coli RNA

31
Q

Who? Microbiologists known for groundbreaking work in gene expression and glycolysis

A

Dr. Harold Amos

32
Q

Who? First-African American to get a phd from Harvards Division of Medical Sciences

A

Dr. Harold Amos

33
Q

Who? First-African American to head a medical school department at harvard

A

Dr. Harold Amos

34
Q

Who? Interest in starvation conditions and glucose uptake, specifically when cells are starved of nicotinamide

A

Dr. Harold Amos

35
Q

What are the two enzymes in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

Kinase and Isomerase

36
Q

What does isomerase do?

A

Converts a molecule into isometric form

37
Q

What are the three enzymes in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

Dehydrogenase
kinase
Mutase

38
Q

What is mutase?

A

an enzyme that moves functional groups

39
Q

What is Dehydrogenase?

A

an enzyme responsible for redox reactions

40
Q

What is the main roll of fermentation?

A

regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis moving forward; it also enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen

41
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol

42
Q

What does alcohol fermentation release and produce?

A

release CO2, produce NAD+ and ethanol

43
Q

What happens during lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming NAD+ and lactate as end products, with no release of CO2

44
Q

What are common uses of lactic acid fermentation?

A

production of yogurt
muscle cells use it to generate ATP during strenuous exercise when O2 is scarce

45
Q

What do obligate anaerobes do?

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

46
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

anaerobes that can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

47
Q

What are examples of facultative anaerobes?

A

Yeast and many bacteria

48
Q

What happens in a facultative anaerobe?

A

pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic, road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes; aerobic respiration or anaerobic/fermentation

49
Q
A

biology (28 decks)

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