Lecture 4- Health of Humans Flashcards
What are 10 greatest public health achievements
Immunizations, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, infectious disease control, declines in death from heart disease and stroke, safer and healthier food, healthier moms and babies, family planning, water fluoridation, tobacco control
Who is Austin Bradford Hill
English epidemiologist and statistician who pioneered the randomized clinical trial
Demonstrated relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer
“Bradford Hill”- causal association
How did the federal cigarette tax impact lung cancer prevalence
Over 1 million deaths from lung cancer prevented
What if regulation of motor vehicle safety and enforcement of motor vehicle laws were never instituted
1 million deaths would have been lost
How many deaths were avoided by surgeon general reports on smoking and environmental smoke
19 million
How many deaths were avoided by use of chlorine in water systems
21 million between 1900 and 1995
How many deaths would be lost if key public health interventions did not happen or were delayed
50 million
What is the epidemiological transition
Describes the changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy and leading causes of death
What is health inequity
Differences in health outcomes that are systemic, avoidable, or unjust
What is health disparities
Differences in health outcomes between groups within a population
What are the main factors contributing to health disparities
Poverty, environmental threats, inadequate access to healthcare, individual and behavioral factors, educational inequalities
Social determinants of health
Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affects a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks
what are the 5 domains of social determinants of health
Economic stability
Education access and quality
Health care access and quality
Neighborhood and built environment
Social and community context
What programs can help people find and keep jobs
Employment programs, career counseling, and high quality childcare
What are a few things that can reduce poverty and improve health and well-being: SDOH and economic stability
Policies to help people pay for food, housing, healthcare and education
How does education access and quality and SDOH relate
Children with low income families, children with disabilities and experience social discrimination are more likely to struggle with math and reading, less likely to get safe, high paying jobs, stress of living in poverty can affect brain development
Interventions to help children and adolescents do well in school and help families pay for college can have loving term health benefits
SDOH and health care access and quality
People without insurance less likely to have a primary care provider, afford medications
Strategies to increase insurance coverage rates are critical for making sure people get important health care services like preventative care and treatment for chronic illness
SDOH and neighborhood and built environment
Many neighborhoods have high rates of violence, unsafe air or water and other health and safety risk- racial and ethnic minorities and low income are more likely to live here. Some people exposed at work
Interventions and policy changes at local, state and federal level can promote health (ex: adding sidewalks, bike lanes)
SDOH and social and community context
Interactions with family, friends and co-workers have major impact on health and well-being. Positive relationships at home and work can reduce negative impacts. Interventions to help people get the social and community support they need are critical for improving health and well-being
What are the levels of prevention strategies
Primary, secondary and teritary
What is the primary level of prevention strategies
Avoid development of disease, remove risk factor
Prior to disease onset
What is the secondary level of prevention strategies
Early detection and treatment
Prevent progression
What is the tertiary level of prevention strategies
Reduce complications of established disease
Tertiary prevention and covid-19
Average charge for covid hospitalization was 361k
Secondary-monoclonal antibodies prevention level and covid-19
Involves monoclonal antibodies, reduced hospitalizations or deaths by 70%
Reduce hospital costs from 24 million to 7.2 million.
Financial incentives monoclonal antibodies were given routinely to low risk persons
Secondary- antiviral level of prevention
Paxlovid antiviral pill was 90% effective in reducing hospitalization
Cost government $600 per course
Drug could’ve cut hospital costs from 24 million to 2.4 million
Primary- vaccine level of prevention COVID-19
Vaccine and administration costs $120.
MRNA were 95% effective
Reduce 24M to 2.4M
