Lecture 4- Health of Humans

Question 1

What are 10 greatest public health achievements

Answer 1

Immunizations, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, infectious disease control, declines in death from heart disease and stroke, safer and healthier food, healthier moms and babies, family planning, water fluoridation, tobacco control

Question 2

Who is Austin Bradford Hill

Answer 2

English epidemiologist and statistician who pioneered the randomized clinical trial

Demonstrated relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer

“Bradford Hill”- causal association

Question 3

How did the federal cigarette tax impact lung cancer prevalence

Answer 3

Over 1 million deaths from lung cancer prevented

Question 4

What if regulation of motor vehicle safety and enforcement of motor vehicle laws were never instituted

Answer 4

1 million deaths would have been lost

Question 5

How many deaths were avoided by surgeon general reports on smoking and environmental smoke

Answer 5

19 million

Question 6

How many deaths were avoided by use of chlorine in water systems

Answer 6

21 million between 1900 and 1995

Question 7

How many deaths would be lost if key public health interventions did not happen or were delayed

Answer 7

50 million

Question 8

What is the epidemiological transition

Answer 8

Describes the changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy and leading causes of death

Question 9

What is health inequity

Answer 9

Differences in health outcomes that are systemic, avoidable, or unjust

Question 10

What is health disparities

Answer 10

Differences in health outcomes between groups within a population

Question 11

What are the main factors contributing to health disparities

Answer 11

Poverty, environmental threats, inadequate access to healthcare, individual and behavioral factors, educational inequalities

Question 12

Social determinants of health

Answer 12

Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affects a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks

Question 13

what are the 5 domains of social determinants of health

Answer 13

Economic stability
Education access and quality
Health care access and quality
Neighborhood and built environment
Social and community context

Question 14

What programs can help people find and keep jobs

Answer 14

Employment programs, career counseling, and high quality childcare

Question 15

What are a few things that can reduce poverty and improve health and well-being: SDOH and economic stability

Answer 15

Policies to help people pay for food, housing, healthcare and education

Question 16

How does education access and quality and SDOH relate

Answer 16

Children with low income families, children with disabilities and experience social discrimination are more likely to struggle with math and reading, less likely to get safe, high paying jobs, stress of living in poverty can affect brain development

Interventions to help children and adolescents do well in school and help families pay for college can have loving term health benefits

Question 17

SDOH and health care access and quality

Answer 17

People without insurance less likely to have a primary care provider, afford medications

Strategies to increase insurance coverage rates are critical for making sure people get important health care services like preventative care and treatment for chronic illness

Question 18

SDOH and neighborhood and built environment

Answer 18

Many neighborhoods have high rates of violence, unsafe air or water and other health and safety risk- racial and ethnic minorities and low income are more likely to live here. Some people exposed at work

Interventions and policy changes at local, state and federal level can promote health (ex: adding sidewalks, bike lanes)

Question 19

SDOH and social and community context

Answer 19

Interactions with family, friends and co-workers have major impact on health and well-being. Positive relationships at home and work can reduce negative impacts. Interventions to help people get the social and community support they need are critical for improving health and well-being

Question 20

What are the levels of prevention strategies

Answer 20

Primary, secondary and teritary

Question 21

What is the primary level of prevention strategies

Answer 21

Avoid development of disease, remove risk factor

Prior to disease onset

Question 22

What is the secondary level of prevention strategies

Answer 22

Early detection and treatment

Prevent progression

Question 23

What is the tertiary level of prevention strategies

Answer 23

Reduce complications of established disease

Question 24

Tertiary prevention and covid-19

Answer 24

Average charge for covid hospitalization was 361k

Question 25

Secondary-monoclonal antibodies prevention level and covid-19

Answer 25

Involves monoclonal antibodies, reduced hospitalizations or deaths by 70%
Reduce hospital costs from 24 million to 7.2 million.
Financial incentives monoclonal antibodies were given routinely to low risk persons

Question 26

Secondary- antiviral level of prevention

Answer 26

Paxlovid antiviral pill was 90% effective in reducing hospitalization

Cost government $600 per course

Drug could’ve cut hospital costs from 24 million to 2.4 million

Question 27

Primary- vaccine level of prevention COVID-19

Answer 27

Vaccine and administration costs $120.

MRNA were 95% effective
Reduce 24M to 2.4M