Lecture 19: Factors in Zoonotic Disease emergence and principles of treatment and prevention Flashcards
what has contributed to big drop in infectious disease drop in US in mid 1900s
penicillin, vaccines
what are some factors of emerging infectious diseases
genetics, biologic factors, infectious agents, humans, wildlife, ecological factors, social, political and economic factors, domestic animals, physical environmental factors
how do genetics and biologics contribute to emergence of infectious diseases
microbial adaption and change, host susceptibility to infection
how does the physical environment contribute to factors of disease emergence
climate and weather, urbanization and land use
what are the ecological factors of disease emergence
changing ecosystems, human demographics and behavior
social, political and economical factors of disease emergence
international travel and commerce, technology and industry, breakdown of public health measures, poverty and social inequity, lack of political will, war and famine, intent to harm
what are some factors that contribute to increase in host susceptibility
lack of health care, old age
where is most common location in world for emergence of infectious diseases
tropical areas
what is the greatest change in ecosystems contributing to emerging infectious diseases
deforestation
what is the relationship between bats and hendra virus
deforestation and increased urban environment increasing contact with humans and bats
what type of human demographics and behavior influence disease transmission
how people live (proximity to others), transportation, etc
what is a major virus associated with international travel that first showed up in New York
west nile virus
what is the trend of total number of new antimicrobial agents approved by FDA
decreasing
what factors promote zoonoses transmission
- frequent contact (people-animal, animal-animal, habitat loss vector expansion)
- animal husbandry and health- nontraditional pets and intensive production systems
- personal hygiene
- globalization
strategies for mitigating future disease emergence
- novel vaccines and delivery systems
- address antimicrobial resistance
- one health practitioners
4.build predictive capability - reduce effects of poverty and inequality
what is predictive capability as a strategy for future disease emergence
sustains changes in political will better than reactionary capabilities
what are the 4 different prevention strategies for zoonotic disease
- human focused
- animal focused
- vector focused
- environment or site focused
human focused prevention strategies is looking at what groups of people
high risk- immunocompromised and those with occupations with lots of contact with animals
what are some examples of strategies that prevent transmission to humans
good hygiene, PPE, food preparation (cooking, cleaning), avoid contact with secretions/excretions of pets, vector mitigation, avoid problem foods
what are some prevention strategies for animal focus
control programs- wellness and vaccines, import restrictions, dietary factors, parasite and vector control, screening and treatment for parasites
what are the prevention strategies for therapy animals at health care facilities
vaccinated, healthy, free of parasites, eating commercial pet food
prevention strategies in place at veterinary clinics and hospitals
handwashing locations, PPE, environmental infection control (laundry, prevention and reporting), bite and scratch prevention, employee health plan
what are two basic categories of immunodeficiency
- primary- congenital
- secondary- immune system damaged later in life
how is primary immunodeficiency manifested
recurrent or persistent infections or developmental delay
what are some factors that can cause secondary immunodeficiency
age, malnutrition, infection/disease, medical tx
what are the common immunocompromised populations
- children
- elderly
- pregnant women
- HIV/AIDs
- chronically diseased (cancer and diabetes)
- longer term medical treatments (chemo and anti-inflammatories)
what are some diseases that pregnant women are at greater risk for
toxoplasma and listeria
___ animals are more likely to be infected/infectious
young animals
what are some high risk species
reptiles, some birds, non-human primates, exotic species, and wildlife
shedding of salmonella and E. coli are at higher risk in what type of diets
raw
what disease can be commonly transmitted when cleaning litter box
toxoplasma
what population is at greatest risk of animal bites
children
what are important zoonoses for immunocompromised individuals
- bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease)
- toxoplasma gondii
- MRSA
- chlamydophilia psittaci
- mycobacterium (TB, leprosy)
- lmyphocytic choriomenigitis virus
what actions can be taken to prevent zoonotic disease in immunocompromised client
- urge consultation with health care provider
- discuss implications of zoonotic disease
- specific guidance topics- pamphlets
immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to ___ pathogens
opportunistic
how can we use diet to prevent zoonotic diseases in pets
- feed reputable commercial diet (no raw meats or milk)
- clean/fresh water
- discourage/prevent hunting and keep cats indoors
how can veterinary care prevent zoonotic diseases in pets
- yearly exams
- immunizations, deworming
- flea control
