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Public Health > Lecture 19: Factors in Zoonotic Disease emergence and principles of treatment and prevention > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Factors in Zoonotic Disease emergence and principles of treatment and prevention Flashcards

1
Q

what has contributed to big drop in infectious disease drop in US in mid 1900s

A

penicillin, vaccines

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2
Q

what are some factors of emerging infectious diseases

A

genetics, biologic factors, infectious agents, humans, wildlife, ecological factors, social, political and economic factors, domestic animals, physical environmental factors

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3
Q

how do genetics and biologics contribute to emergence of infectious diseases

A

microbial adaption and change, host susceptibility to infection

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4
Q

how does the physical environment contribute to factors of disease emergence

A

climate and weather, urbanization and land use

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5
Q

what are the ecological factors of disease emergence

A

changing ecosystems, human demographics and behavior

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6
Q

social, political and economical factors of disease emergence

A

international travel and commerce, technology and industry, breakdown of public health measures, poverty and social inequity, lack of political will, war and famine, intent to harm

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7
Q

what are some factors that contribute to increase in host susceptibility

A

lack of health care, old age

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8
Q

where is most common location in world for emergence of infectious diseases

A

tropical areas

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9
Q

what is the greatest change in ecosystems contributing to emerging infectious diseases

A

deforestation

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10
Q

what is the relationship between bats and hendra virus

A

deforestation and increased urban environment increasing contact with humans and bats

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11
Q

what type of human demographics and behavior influence disease transmission

A

how people live (proximity to others), transportation, etc

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12
Q

what is a major virus associated with international travel that first showed up in New York

A

west nile virus

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13
Q

what is the trend of total number of new antimicrobial agents approved by FDA

A

decreasing

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14
Q

what factors promote zoonoses transmission

A
  1. frequent contact (people-animal, animal-animal, habitat loss vector expansion)
  2. animal husbandry and health- nontraditional pets and intensive production systems
  3. personal hygiene
  4. globalization
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15
Q

strategies for mitigating future disease emergence

A
  1. novel vaccines and delivery systems
  2. address antimicrobial resistance
  3. one health practitioners
    4.build predictive capability
  4. reduce effects of poverty and inequality
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16
Q

what is predictive capability as a strategy for future disease emergence

A

sustains changes in political will better than reactionary capabilities

17
Q

what are the 4 different prevention strategies for zoonotic disease

A
  1. human focused
  2. animal focused
  3. vector focused
  4. environment or site focused
18
Q

human focused prevention strategies is looking at what groups of people

A

high risk- immunocompromised and those with occupations with lots of contact with animals

19
Q

what are some examples of strategies that prevent transmission to humans

A

good hygiene, PPE, food preparation (cooking, cleaning), avoid contact with secretions/excretions of pets, vector mitigation, avoid problem foods

20
Q

what are some prevention strategies for animal focus

A

control programs- wellness and vaccines, import restrictions, dietary factors, parasite and vector control, screening and treatment for parasites

21
Q

what are the prevention strategies for therapy animals at health care facilities

A

vaccinated, healthy, free of parasites, eating commercial pet food

22
Q

prevention strategies in place at veterinary clinics and hospitals

A

handwashing locations, PPE, environmental infection control (laundry, prevention and reporting), bite and scratch prevention, employee health plan

23
Q

what are two basic categories of immunodeficiency

A
  1. primary- congenital
  2. secondary- immune system damaged later in life
24
Q

how is primary immunodeficiency manifested

A

recurrent or persistent infections or developmental delay

25
Q

what are some factors that can cause secondary immunodeficiency

A

age, malnutrition, infection/disease, medical tx

26
Q

what are the common immunocompromised populations

A
  1. children
  2. elderly
  3. pregnant women
  4. HIV/AIDs
  5. chronically diseased (cancer and diabetes)
  6. longer term medical treatments (chemo and anti-inflammatories)
27
Q

what are some diseases that pregnant women are at greater risk for

A

toxoplasma and listeria

28
Q

___ animals are more likely to be infected/infectious

A

young animals

29
Q

what are some high risk species

A

reptiles, some birds, non-human primates, exotic species, and wildlife

30
Q

shedding of salmonella and E. coli are at higher risk in what type of diets

A

raw

31
Q

what disease can be commonly transmitted when cleaning litter box

A

toxoplasma

32
Q

what population is at greatest risk of animal bites

A

children

33
Q

what are important zoonoses for immunocompromised individuals

A
  1. bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease)
  2. toxoplasma gondii
  3. MRSA
  4. chlamydophilia psittaci
  5. mycobacterium (TB, leprosy)
  6. lmyphocytic choriomenigitis virus
34
Q

what actions can be taken to prevent zoonotic disease in immunocompromised client

A
  1. urge consultation with health care provider
  2. discuss implications of zoonotic disease
  3. specific guidance topics- pamphlets
35
Q

immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to ___ pathogens

A

opportunistic

36
Q

how can we use diet to prevent zoonotic diseases in pets

A
  1. feed reputable commercial diet (no raw meats or milk)
  2. clean/fresh water
  3. discourage/prevent hunting and keep cats indoors
37
Q

how can veterinary care prevent zoonotic diseases in pets

A
  1. yearly exams
  2. immunizations, deworming
  3. flea control

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