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Public Health > Lecture 27: Rabies in Animals and Humans > Flashcards

Lecture 27: Rabies in Animals and Humans Flashcards

1
Q

how many people die from rabies each year

A

60,000 (40% children)

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2
Q

what family is rabies from

A

rhabdoviridae

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3
Q

what are the wildlife reservoirs for rabies in U.S.

A

all warm blood mammals
raccoons, skunks, foxes, bats

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4
Q

are dogs and cats reservoirs for rabies

A

no!

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5
Q

outside the U.S. what is the primary rabies variant

A

canine rabies (making imported dogs an ongoing concern)

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6
Q

what did CDC put in place to protect U.S. from canine variant of rabies

A

2021: temporary import ban

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7
Q

when was canine specific rabies eradicated in U.S.

A

2007

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8
Q

how is rabies transmitted

A

direct contact with fresh saliva or brain/nervous system tissue

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9
Q

what are two major categories of direct contact transmission routes

A

bite or non-bite

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10
Q

what is a non-bite transmission route for rabies

A

contamination of open wounds with saliva from rabid animal

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11
Q

can indirect contact (i.e. petting or handling animal, contact with blood, urine feces, or saliva with intact skin) cause rabies

A

no!

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12
Q

between 2000-2020 what percent of human rabies infections were acquired from bat associated variants in U.S.

A

82%

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13
Q

any direct contact with a bat should be considered

A

potential exposure unless bat tested negative

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14
Q

how can rabies be transmitted from human to human

A

organ transplants

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15
Q

what does incubation period of rabies depend on

A

site of bite wound/inoculation, wound care, and previous vaccination/presence of antibodies

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16
Q

what is the range for incubation period for rabies in domestic animals

A

3-12 weeks

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17
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rabies

A
  1. virus inoculated
  2. viral replication in muscle
  3. virus binds nACHR’s at NMJ
  4. virus travels on axons in retrograde fashion
  5. replication spinal cord and rapid ascent to brain
  6. infection of brain neurons
  7. centrifugal spread along nerves to salivary glands, skin, cornea
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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of rabies in dog

A

aggression or unusual behavior, excessive salivation, choking or gagging, cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, paralysis, seizures

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19
Q

how would rabies present in a normally nocturnal animal

A

active during day or showing reduced fear of humans

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20
Q

what are the three stages of CNS infection

A
  1. prodromal
  2. excitative “furious rabies”
  3. paralytic “dumb rabies”
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21
Q

what is prodromal phase

A

1-3 day period characterized by behavioral changes

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22
Q

what is the excitative ohase

A

3-4 days of hyperactivity to external stimuli and bite anything near

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23
Q

what is the paralytic phase of rabies

A

damage to motor neurons causes incoordination/paralysis in hind end, drooling and difficult swallowing, death caused by respiratory arrest

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24
Q

how do you test for rabies

A

postmortem examination of brain via DFA

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25
Q

what are the prodromal clinical signs in humans for rabies

A

nausea, headache, fever, sore throat, photophobia

26
Q

what are the acute neurological phase in humans

A

apprehension, nervousness, hallucinations, behavioral, anomalies, salivation, perspiration, hydrophobia, photophobia

27
Q

what is CFR in humans for rabies

A

> 99% (survival has been documented in 14 cases)

28
Q

what are some antemortem testing in humans for rabies

A

saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsy at nape of neck

29
Q

which species is required by AZ law to be vaccinated against rabies

A

rabies

30
Q

what is required for cats and dogs to enter arizona

A

CVI
certificate proving vaccinated against rabies

31
Q

when are animals considered immunized post rabies vaccine

A

28 days

32
Q

when are boosted animals considered immunized post rabies vaccine

A

immediately

33
Q

what is the typical vaccination schedule for rabies in dogs, cats, ferrets

A

initial vaccine at 3 months of age
booster one year later
booster every 3 years

34
Q

what is a common injection site reaction in cats

A

sarcomas

35
Q

where should you avoid injecting vaccines in cats

A

dorsal neck, high on hindleg, cranial to scapula/chest

36
Q

where are recommended sites for injecting vaccines in cats

A

low on fore and hindlimbs or tail

37
Q

what type of rabies vaccine is labeled use in raccoons and coyotes

A

oral rabies

38
Q

what is the vaccine protocol for wolf dogs or wild cat/domestic cat hybrids

A

no approved parenteral vaccines exist in U.S.

use of licensed vaccines is considered off label

39
Q

what is the protocol for a hybrid pet that has been exposed to rabies or bites a human

A

no established quarantine periods so immediate euthanasia and rabies testing required despite vaccination history

40
Q

in arizona is a ribers titer recognized as an index of immunity

A

no!

41
Q

what is the protocol for pre-exposure vaccine prevention for humans

A

two days of RV on day 0 and day 7

42
Q

how often should serologic testing and booster be done

A

every 10 years and booster accordingly

43
Q

what is the protocol for post-exposure prophylaxis in humans

A

wound treatment, local infiltration of RIG, vaccination

44
Q

what is the post exposure protocol for those humans unvaccinated against rabies

A

thorough wound cleaning, RIG (half at bite site, half IM)
four doses of RV: day 0, 3, 7, and 144

45
Q

what is the post exposure protocol for humans vaccinated against rabies

A

thorough wound cleaning, two doses of RV on days 0 and 3

46
Q

post-exposure prophylaxis is considered a medical ___ not ___

A

urgency not emergency

47
Q

where should questions regarding possible rabies exposure to pet be directed

A

state or local public health authorities

48
Q

what animals are not suitable for rabies testing and should be regarded as rabid

A

wild mammalian carnivores, skunks and bats

49
Q

what protocol was established in texas for post exposure prophylaxis

A

no USDA licensed biologics but in texas PEP prevent 100% of deaths with vaccination within 96 hours, booster at 3 and 8 weeks and strict quarantine for 90 days

50
Q

which state specifically allows for PEP in animals

A

texas

51
Q

what is protocol for currently vaccinated animal exposed to rabid animal

A

revaccinate immediately and keep under owner control and observation for 45 days

52
Q

what is protocol for currently unvaccinated animals exposed to rabid animal

A

euthanize immediately, if owner unwilling immediately vaccinate and place in strict quarantine at owners expense for 4-6 months

53
Q

what is protocol for animals overdue for booster WITH documentation but have been exposed to rabid animal

A

booster immediately and keep under control and observation for 45 days

54
Q

what is protocol for animals overdue for booster WITHOUT documentation

A

treats as unvaccinated or prospective serologic monitoring

55
Q

what does prospective serologic monitoring entail

A

day 0: collect blood before booster, booster and put animal into strict quarantine
day 5: collect blood sample for titer (> 0.5IU/mL)
adequate response: considered vaccinated and put in 45 day observation
inadequate response: considered unvaccinated and put into 6 month strict quarantine

56
Q

unvaccinated livestock exposed to rabies should be…

A

euthanized immediately

57
Q

vaccinated livestock exposed to rabies should be

A

revaccinated and observed for 45 days

58
Q

how long is commercial slaughter prohibited in exposed animal

A

8 months

59
Q

does cooking and pasteurization inactivate rabies virus

A

yes!

60
Q

what is protocol for owned dogs, cats and ferrets who bite humans

A

confirmed and observed for 10 days, regardless of vaccination status, do not vaccinate during this time period

if no signs, no rabies exposure
if clinical signs, euthanize and test immediately

61
Q

what is protocol for strays or unwanted animals that bite humans

A

should be euthanized and tested immediately

Public Health (25 decks)

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