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Public Health > Lecture 21: Zoonosis of Exotic species > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Zoonosis of Exotic species Flashcards

1
Q

what are contributing factors to increasing exotic zoonoses

A

human movement and habitat modification, urban sprawl, consumption of bush meat and wild animals, access to petting zoos, exotic pet ownership

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2
Q

what type of bacteria is salmonella

A

gram negative

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3
Q

what are the two species of salmonella

A

enterica and bongori

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4
Q

how many serotypes are there of salmonella and how many cause human disease

A

> 2,600 serotypes, < 100 cause human disease

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5
Q

what is the most common infectious foodborne pathogen

A

salmonella

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6
Q

what are the most common exotic animal reservoirs for salmonella

A

reptiles, birds, sugargliders, hedgehogs and rodents

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7
Q

why is it not reasonable to identify if reptile is free of salmonella

A

shed intermittently in feces so fecal may be negative even if salmoenlla is present

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8
Q

how can we diagnose salmonellosis

A
  1. culture (feces or blood)
  2. PCR
    3, serology
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9
Q

what is treatment for salmonellosis

A

don’t prophylactically treat exotic pets if it is not causing clinical disease

treat based on culture and sensitivity if symptomatic

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10
Q

what type of bacteria is chlamydia psittaci

A

gram negative cocci
obligate intracellular bacteria

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11
Q

what animals pose greatest exposure risk for chlamydiosis

A

avian species, poultry, raptors, pigeons, seabirds

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12
Q

besides avian species how else can chamydiosis spread

A

contaminated bedding, dust, dander, feces, aerosolized and ingested

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13
Q

how long can elementary body of chlamydiosis remain viable

A

> 30 days

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14
Q

what are clinical signs of chlamydiosis in animals

A

conjunctivitis, lethargy, anorexia, green feces, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, neurologic signs

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15
Q

what is most common clinical signs in humans with chlamydiosis

A

mild flu like signs

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16
Q

how to diagnosis chlamydiosis

A

PCR, culture, serology, identify elementary body with microscopy

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17
Q

which diagnostic test of chlamydiosis tests for active infection

A

PCR

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18
Q

what is treatment for Chlamydiosis

A

doxycycline for 45 days
macrolides may be more useful when treating chronic cases

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19
Q

is Chlamydiosis reportable in arizona

A

yes!

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20
Q

what type of stain picks up mycobacteriosis

A

acid fast rod

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21
Q

mycobacteriosis is widespread where

A

environment

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22
Q

what bacterial zoonoses can cause acute or chronic systemic granulomatous disese

A

mycobacteria

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23
Q

how does exposure to M.Marnium mycobacterium occur

A

direct contact with contaminated water sources or infected fish

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24
Q

how does M.marnium enter body

A

skin injuries or external parasites

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25
Q

how does exposure to M. tuberculosis mycobacterium occur

A

aerosol infectious material, worldwide distribution

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26
Q

what species most commonly carry M. tuberculosis mycobacterium

A

elephants and primates

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27
Q

what are some clinical signs of M. Marnium in fish

A

weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, cutaneous and/or systemic granulomas

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28
Q

what are the clinical signs of M. Marnium in zoo mammals

A

chronic weight loss, excessive discharge from trunk/respiratory system

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29
Q

what are clinical signs of M. Marnium in people

A

cutaneous disease- ulcers, abscess, granuloma

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30
Q

what are clinical signs of M. tuberculosis in people

A

pulmonary disease, weight loss, weakness, chills/fever

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31
Q

how to diagnose M. Marium

A

PCR, culture and biopsy for histopathology and staining

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32
Q

how to diagnose M. tuberculosis in elephants

A

routine testing for captive elephants, trunk wash for culture, acid fast stain and PCR

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33
Q

how to diagnose M. tuberculosis primates

A

intradermal skin test
culture and PCR

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34
Q

where is tuberculosis skin test injected in primates

A

eyelids

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35
Q

how to treat M. Marnium in people

A

many slowly resolve, may need surgery or prolonged combination antibiotic tx

36
Q

how to treat M. Tuberculosis

A

combination of drugs: rifampin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyranzinamide

37
Q

what type of bacteria is rat bite fever

A

gram negative

38
Q

where does rat bit fever reside in rodents

A

nasal region and oropharynx

39
Q

what is main reservoir for rat bite fever

A

rats but wild animals can be too

40
Q

how is one exposed to rat bite fever

A

bite wounds or scratches

41
Q

incubation period for rat bite fever

A

2-21 days

42
Q

what are clinical signs in rats with rat bite fever

A

otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses

43
Q

what are clinical signs in people with rat bite fever

A

petechial rash with S. moniliformis, can cause septic arthritis at joints which can cause death

44
Q

how to diagnose rat bite fever

A

PCR and culture

45
Q

how is avian influenza typically carried from place to place

A

waterfowl and shorebirds

46
Q

how is avian influenza transmitted

A

fecal-oral and fecal-cloacal transmision

47
Q

what are target organs for avian influenza

A

respiratory, GI, and nervous sytem

48
Q

what is difference between low pathogenic avian influenza and high pathogenic avian influenza

A

difference in mortality

49
Q

what is low pathogenic avian influenza

A

typically reservoir species, generally asymptomatic to mild signs, decreased egg production

50
Q

what is high pathogenic avian influenza

A

highly pathogenic strain that is reportable

51
Q

how to diagnose Avian influenza

A

serology- useful for surveillance and showing freedom from infection

PCR
viral isolation

52
Q

what is treatment for avian influenza

A

no specific treatment

53
Q

how are highly pathogenic avian influenza birds handled

A

depopulated

54
Q

what are the only species other than poultry approved for vaccine against avian influenza

A

california condors

55
Q

what type of animal is very susceptible to human influenza type A and B

A

ferrets

56
Q

what are some symptoms of ferrets infected with human influenza type A

A

Upper respiratory disease, anorexia, lethargy

57
Q

what type of zoonotic disease is herpes virus

A

zoonathroponotic

58
Q

what are some clinical sides of human herpesvirus in new world monkeys

A

peracute encephalitis, hepatitis, and death

59
Q

how to diagnose human herpesvirus

A

serology, virus isolation, PCR, histopathology

60
Q

how to treat humans herpes virus

A

antiviral agents (acyclovir, valacyclovir), supportive care, grave prognosis in new world monkeys

61
Q

what is a definitive host

A

final host, a host in which parasite becomes sexually mature

62
Q

what is an intermediate host

A

necessary host in which a parasite passes one ore more of its asexual stages

63
Q

what is a paratenic host

A

potential intermediate host that serves until the definitive host is reached; no development occurs; may or not not be needed to complete the parasite life cycle

64
Q

what is an accidental host

A

one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily part of the parasite lifecycle

65
Q

what is rat lungworm

A

nematode roundworm

66
Q

in what areas can rat lungworm be found

A

tropical and subtropical regions

67
Q

what is most common cause of eosinophilic menigitis

A

rat lungworm

68
Q

what species are most affected by rat lungworm

A

primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillos

69
Q

what is the definitive hot in rat lung worm (A. cantonesis)

A

rats

70
Q

what is the intermediate host in rat lungworm (A. cantonesis

A

snails and slugs

71
Q

what is the paratenic host in rat lungworm (A. catenoesis

A

crabs, shrimp, amphibians

72
Q

how do you contract rat lungworm

A

eating undercooked snails or slugs, or what has been contaminated through their larvae

73
Q

what are clinical signs of rat lungworm

A

meningeoencephalitis, headache, fever, stiff neck, muscle spasms, nausea

74
Q

how to diagnose rat lungworm

A

eosinophilia in blood and/or CSF
may see larvae in CSF
PCR

75
Q

how to treat rat lungworm

A

many recover without treatment but can use anthelminitcs and supportive care

76
Q

how to prevent rat lungworm

A

avoid ingestion of contaminated items, avoid eating raw snails/slugs, rat and snail slug control measures for intermediate hosts

77
Q

what type of parasite is encephalitozoonosis

A

obligate intracellular gram positive microspordial parasite

78
Q

who is commonly exposed to encephalitozoonosis

A

rabbits, rodents, carnivores, primates and birds

79
Q

what species commonly sheds encephalitozoonosis in urine

A

rabbits

80
Q

how is encephalitozoonosis transmitted

A

ingestion via infective spores, transplancental may occur

81
Q

infection with encephalitozoonosis is generally an opportunistic infection, therefore who shouldn’t have rabbits as pets

A

immunocompromised

82
Q

what are clinical signs of encephalitzoonosis in rabbits

A

usually latent but can see neurologic signs, renal disease, multi-organ granulomatomas inflammation, cataract formation

83
Q

how to diagnose encephalitozoonosis in rabbits

A

urine antibody levels, CSF analysis, serologic testing, histopathology

84
Q

how do you treat encephalitozoonosis in rabbits

A

no effective curative treatment
benzimidazoles help decrease clinical signs, prolonged courses needed

85
Q

what is a side effect of long term benzimidazole treatment

A

bone marrow suppression

86
Q

how to prevent encephalitozoonosis

A

environmental sanitation (inactive spores), proper hygiene when handling rabbits

87
Q

what are the steps in managing a zoonotic outbreak at zoo or wildlife setting

A
  1. identify triggers (diagnose or suspect zoonotic disease)
  2. notify stakeholders
  3. isolate the animal
  4. waste management
    5, report to authorities
  5. treatment/animal management

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