Lecture 21: Zoonosis of Exotic species Flashcards
what are contributing factors to increasing exotic zoonoses
human movement and habitat modification, urban sprawl, consumption of bush meat and wild animals, access to petting zoos, exotic pet ownership
what type of bacteria is salmonella
gram negative
what are the two species of salmonella
enterica and bongori
how many serotypes are there of salmonella and how many cause human disease
> 2,600 serotypes, < 100 cause human disease
what is the most common infectious foodborne pathogen
salmonella
what are the most common exotic animal reservoirs for salmonella
reptiles, birds, sugargliders, hedgehogs and rodents
why is it not reasonable to identify if reptile is free of salmonella
shed intermittently in feces so fecal may be negative even if salmoenlla is present
how can we diagnose salmonellosis
- culture (feces or blood)
- PCR
3, serology
what is treatment for salmonellosis
don’t prophylactically treat exotic pets if it is not causing clinical disease
treat based on culture and sensitivity if symptomatic
what type of bacteria is chlamydia psittaci
gram negative cocci
obligate intracellular bacteria
what animals pose greatest exposure risk for chlamydiosis
avian species, poultry, raptors, pigeons, seabirds
besides avian species how else can chamydiosis spread
contaminated bedding, dust, dander, feces, aerosolized and ingested
how long can elementary body of chlamydiosis remain viable
> 30 days
what are clinical signs of chlamydiosis in animals
conjunctivitis, lethargy, anorexia, green feces, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, neurologic signs
what is most common clinical signs in humans with chlamydiosis
mild flu like signs
how to diagnosis chlamydiosis
PCR, culture, serology, identify elementary body with microscopy
which diagnostic test of chlamydiosis tests for active infection
PCR
what is treatment for Chlamydiosis
doxycycline for 45 days
macrolides may be more useful when treating chronic cases
is Chlamydiosis reportable in arizona
yes!
what type of stain picks up mycobacteriosis
acid fast rod
mycobacteriosis is widespread where
environment
what bacterial zoonoses can cause acute or chronic systemic granulomatous disese
mycobacteria
how does exposure to M.Marnium mycobacterium occur
direct contact with contaminated water sources or infected fish
how does M.marnium enter body
skin injuries or external parasites
how does exposure to M. tuberculosis mycobacterium occur
aerosol infectious material, worldwide distribution
what species most commonly carry M. tuberculosis mycobacterium
elephants and primates
what are some clinical signs of M. Marnium in fish
weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, cutaneous and/or systemic granulomas
what are the clinical signs of M. Marnium in zoo mammals
chronic weight loss, excessive discharge from trunk/respiratory system
what are clinical signs of M. Marnium in people
cutaneous disease- ulcers, abscess, granuloma
what are clinical signs of M. tuberculosis in people
pulmonary disease, weight loss, weakness, chills/fever
how to diagnose M. Marium
PCR, culture and biopsy for histopathology and staining
how to diagnose M. tuberculosis in elephants
routine testing for captive elephants, trunk wash for culture, acid fast stain and PCR
how to diagnose M. tuberculosis primates
intradermal skin test
culture and PCR
where is tuberculosis skin test injected in primates
eyelids
how to treat M. Marnium in people
many slowly resolve, may need surgery or prolonged combination antibiotic tx
how to treat M. Tuberculosis
combination of drugs: rifampin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyranzinamide
what type of bacteria is rat bite fever
gram negative
where does rat bit fever reside in rodents
nasal region and oropharynx
what is main reservoir for rat bite fever
rats but wild animals can be too
how is one exposed to rat bite fever
bite wounds or scratches
incubation period for rat bite fever
2-21 days
what are clinical signs in rats with rat bite fever
otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses
what are clinical signs in people with rat bite fever
petechial rash with S. moniliformis, can cause septic arthritis at joints which can cause death
how to diagnose rat bite fever
PCR and culture
how is avian influenza typically carried from place to place
waterfowl and shorebirds
how is avian influenza transmitted
fecal-oral and fecal-cloacal transmision
what are target organs for avian influenza
respiratory, GI, and nervous sytem
what is difference between low pathogenic avian influenza and high pathogenic avian influenza
difference in mortality
what is low pathogenic avian influenza
typically reservoir species, generally asymptomatic to mild signs, decreased egg production
what is high pathogenic avian influenza
highly pathogenic strain that is reportable
how to diagnose Avian influenza
serology- useful for surveillance and showing freedom from infection
PCR
viral isolation
what is treatment for avian influenza
no specific treatment
how are highly pathogenic avian influenza birds handled
depopulated
what are the only species other than poultry approved for vaccine against avian influenza
california condors
what type of animal is very susceptible to human influenza type A and B
ferrets
what are some symptoms of ferrets infected with human influenza type A
Upper respiratory disease, anorexia, lethargy
what type of zoonotic disease is herpes virus
zoonathroponotic
what are some clinical sides of human herpesvirus in new world monkeys
peracute encephalitis, hepatitis, and death
how to diagnose human herpesvirus
serology, virus isolation, PCR, histopathology
how to treat humans herpes virus
antiviral agents (acyclovir, valacyclovir), supportive care, grave prognosis in new world monkeys
what is a definitive host
final host, a host in which parasite becomes sexually mature
what is an intermediate host
necessary host in which a parasite passes one ore more of its asexual stages
what is a paratenic host
potential intermediate host that serves until the definitive host is reached; no development occurs; may or not not be needed to complete the parasite life cycle
what is an accidental host
one that accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily part of the parasite lifecycle
what is rat lungworm
nematode roundworm
in what areas can rat lungworm be found
tropical and subtropical regions
what is most common cause of eosinophilic menigitis
rat lungworm
what species are most affected by rat lungworm
primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillos
what is the definitive hot in rat lung worm (A. cantonesis)
rats
what is the intermediate host in rat lungworm (A. cantonesis
snails and slugs
what is the paratenic host in rat lungworm (A. catenoesis
crabs, shrimp, amphibians
how do you contract rat lungworm
eating undercooked snails or slugs, or what has been contaminated through their larvae
what are clinical signs of rat lungworm
meningeoencephalitis, headache, fever, stiff neck, muscle spasms, nausea
how to diagnose rat lungworm
eosinophilia in blood and/or CSF
may see larvae in CSF
PCR
how to treat rat lungworm
many recover without treatment but can use anthelminitcs and supportive care
how to prevent rat lungworm
avoid ingestion of contaminated items, avoid eating raw snails/slugs, rat and snail slug control measures for intermediate hosts
what type of parasite is encephalitozoonosis
obligate intracellular gram positive microspordial parasite
who is commonly exposed to encephalitozoonosis
rabbits, rodents, carnivores, primates and birds
what species commonly sheds encephalitozoonosis in urine
rabbits
how is encephalitozoonosis transmitted
ingestion via infective spores, transplancental may occur
infection with encephalitozoonosis is generally an opportunistic infection, therefore who shouldn’t have rabbits as pets
immunocompromised
what are clinical signs of encephalitzoonosis in rabbits
usually latent but can see neurologic signs, renal disease, multi-organ granulomatomas inflammation, cataract formation
how to diagnose encephalitozoonosis in rabbits
urine antibody levels, CSF analysis, serologic testing, histopathology
how do you treat encephalitozoonosis in rabbits
no effective curative treatment
benzimidazoles help decrease clinical signs, prolonged courses needed
what is a side effect of long term benzimidazole treatment
bone marrow suppression
how to prevent encephalitozoonosis
environmental sanitation (inactive spores), proper hygiene when handling rabbits
what are the steps in managing a zoonotic outbreak at zoo or wildlife setting
- identify triggers (diagnose or suspect zoonotic disease)
- notify stakeholders
- isolate the animal
- waste management
5, report to authorities - treatment/animal management