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Public Health > Lecture 18: Introduction to zoonotic diseases, their management and emergence > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Introduction to zoonotic diseases, their management and emergence Flashcards

1
Q

Zoonoses

A

Disease naturally transmitted between animals and humans, both way transmission

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2
Q

Anthropozoonosis

A

Focuses on human infections, animal to human infection

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3
Q

What are some examples of anthropozoonsis

A

Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease, bat to human transmission of COVID-19

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4
Q

Zooanthroponosis

A

Human to animal infection, focus on animal infections

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5
Q

Examples of zoonathroponses

A

TB in elephants, influenza to ferrets, human transmission of COVID-19 to mink

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6
Q

What are some situations where zoonosis may occur

A
  1. Farm sites
  2. Animal processing facilities
  3. Forestry processing facilities
  4. Recreation
  5. Laboratories/clinics
  6. Emergencies
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7
Q

What is an agent

A

Organism causing disease

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8
Q

What is a reservoir

A

Carrier, source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts, may or may not have symptoms of infection

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9
Q

Can the environment be a reservoir

A

Yes!

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10
Q

What is an amplifier

A

Intermediate host, high levels of agent replication, often in closer human contact, asymptomatic infections in many cases, most associated with vector borne diseases

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11
Q

Dead end host

A

Agent does not replicate to the level necessary for further transmission, asymptomatic in some cases but severe disease is possible, often associated with vector borne diseases

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12
Q

Anthrax, brucellosis and plague are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Covid-19, influenza, rabies are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Dermatophytes and histoplasma are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents

A

Fungi

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15
Q

Mad cow disease is an example of what type of zoonotic infectious agent

A

Prions

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16
Q

What are the three subtypes of parasite zoonotic infectious agents

A

Protozoa, helminths, and arthropods

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17
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does toxoplasma and giardia belong to

A

Protozoa

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18
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does baylisascariasis, trichnosis belong to

A

Helminths

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19
Q

What type of zoonotic infectious agents does scabies belong to

A

Arthropods

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20
Q

What reservoir species is rabies, roundworms, ringworm and cat scratch disease associated with

A

Dogs and cats

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21
Q

What reservoir species is salmonella, E. Coli, brucellosis and Q fever associated with

A

Livestock

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22
Q

What reservoir species is avian influenza, chlamydiosis, and cryptococcus associated with

A

Birds and poultry

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23
Q

What reservoir species is salmonella, and mycobacterium associated with

A

Reptiles, fish, amphibians

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24
Q

What reservoir species is rabies, hantavirus, plague, and tularemia associated with

A

Wildlife

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25
Q

What type of life cycle does strongyles- round worms have

A

Single vertebrate host/resevoir species

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26
Q

What type of life cycle of zoonotic disease si toxoplasmosis associated with

A

Multiple vertebrate host/resevoir species

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27
Q

What type of lifecycle zoonotic disease is powassan virus associated with

A

> 1 vertebrate/invertebrate host/resveoir species

28
Q

What are some examples of direct contact zoonotic disease transmission

A

Infected tissue, bite wounds, body fluids

29
Q

What are some examples of indirect contact zoonotic disease transmission

A

Forties (food and water dishes), aerosol

30
Q

What is the infectious dose for Q fever

A

Only 1 organism!h

31
Q

What is the infectious dose for Mad cow disease (BSE)

A

> 4 million slaughtered cattle in UK and only 178 human cases

32
Q

What is the SIR model of pathogenesis

A

Susceptible—-> incubation period—> infected/symptomatic—> transmission —> recovered, removed or dead

33
Q

How many known zoonotic diseases are there

A

Over 250

34
Q

How many notifable diseases are there at national level

A

25

35
Q

How many cases of rabies worldwide per year

A

55,000

36
Q

How many cases of leishmaniasis worldwide per year

A

> 2 million

37
Q

How many deaths of cysticerosis per year worldwide

A

50,000 deaths

38
Q

How many cases of brucellosis worldwide per year

A

500k

39
Q

How many cases of leptospirosis worldwide per year

A

10 million

40
Q

How many estimated cases of salmonella yearly

A

1 million

41
Q

How many estimated cases of campylobacter yearly

A

1.3 million

42
Q

What is the focus of traditional health management at an animal and public health at farm level

A

Focuses on treatment of sick animals, focus on treatment, less towards prevention

43
Q

What does herd health management optimize

A

Health, welfare and production in a population of animals through analysis Of relevant data and regular objective observations of the animals and their environment

44
Q

What health management system allows for informed, timely decisions to adjust and improve herd management over time, focus on prevention

A

Herd health management

45
Q

Herd health management identifies risk factors for disease based on what 3 things

A

Agent, animals and environment

46
Q

What are the objectives of herd health management approach

A

Optimize health by preventing health, production and reproductive problems, improve herd management practices, animal welfare and ecological quality of environment, quality and safety of dairy and meat products, profitability of enterprise

47
Q

Who is the state veterinarian in AZ

A

Dr. Ryan Wolker

48
Q

What are the roles of the the state veterinarian under the state department of agriculture

A

Animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements

49
Q

Who is the chief veterinary officer for USDA/APHIS

A

Dr. Rosemary Sifford

50
Q

What are the roles of the USDA/APHIS chief veterinary officer

A

Area veterinarian in charge, animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements

51
Q

Who is the director of the WOAH

A

Dr. Monique Eloit

52
Q

What are the roles of the WOAH

A

Sets disease prevention and control standards, serves as point of contact for disease occurrence, ensures members have access to all tools necessary to respond to disease threats

53
Q

What is agroterrorism

A

The deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss or undermining social stability

54
Q

What departments and agencies are responsible for protection

A

Department of homeland security, APHIS, FSIS, and ARS

55
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases

A

New or newly indentified pathogen or syndrome or one that has resulted in new manifestations or an infectious disease

56
Q

What are re-emerging infectious diseases

A

Resurging infection a previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new population or species

57
Q

What % of emerging diseases are zoonotic

A

60%, (72% originating in wildlife)

58
Q

What are the most common agents in emerging diseases

A

Bacteria or rickettsia (54%)

59
Q

Emerging diseases are more commonly ___ and ___

A

Vector borne and drug resistant

60
Q

Emerging hotspots in ___ areas for emerging diseases

A

Tropical areas

61
Q

What type of disease agent is Zika, monkeypox, and influenza

A

Viral

62
Q

What factors cause re-emergence in zika

A

Land use, travel, translocation

63
Q

What factors cause re-emergence in monkeypox

A

Human behavior, trade

64
Q

What factors cause re-emergence of influenza

A

Pathogen adaptation, human demographics and behavior

65
Q

What factors cause re-emergence in giardiasis

A

Childcare, travel and tourism

66
Q

What factors cause reemergence in TB

A

Human demographics and behavior, immunodeficiency, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance

67
Q

What factors can re-emergence in salmonellosis

A

Industrialization and food technology, human demographic and behavior, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance

Public Health (25 decks)

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