Lecture 18: Introduction to zoonotic diseases, their management and emergence Flashcards
Zoonoses
Disease naturally transmitted between animals and humans, both way transmission
Anthropozoonosis
Focuses on human infections, animal to human infection
What are some examples of anthropozoonsis
Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease, bat to human transmission of COVID-19
Zooanthroponosis
Human to animal infection, focus on animal infections
Examples of zoonathroponses
TB in elephants, influenza to ferrets, human transmission of COVID-19 to mink
What are some situations where zoonosis may occur
- Farm sites
- Animal processing facilities
- Forestry processing facilities
- Recreation
- Laboratories/clinics
- Emergencies
What is an agent
Organism causing disease
What is a reservoir
Carrier, source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts, may or may not have symptoms of infection
Can the environment be a reservoir
Yes!
What is an amplifier
Intermediate host, high levels of agent replication, often in closer human contact, asymptomatic infections in many cases, most associated with vector borne diseases
Dead end host
Agent does not replicate to the level necessary for further transmission, asymptomatic in some cases but severe disease is possible, often associated with vector borne diseases
Anthrax, brucellosis and plague are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents
Bacteria
Covid-19, influenza, rabies are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents
Viruses
Dermatophytes and histoplasma are examples of what type of zoonotic infectious agents
Fungi
Mad cow disease is an example of what type of zoonotic infectious agent
Prions
What are the three subtypes of parasite zoonotic infectious agents
Protozoa, helminths, and arthropods
What type of zoonotic infectious agents does toxoplasma and giardia belong to
Protozoa
What type of zoonotic infectious agents does baylisascariasis, trichnosis belong to
Helminths
What type of zoonotic infectious agents does scabies belong to
Arthropods
What reservoir species is rabies, roundworms, ringworm and cat scratch disease associated with
Dogs and cats
What reservoir species is salmonella, E. Coli, brucellosis and Q fever associated with
Livestock
What reservoir species is avian influenza, chlamydiosis, and cryptococcus associated with
Birds and poultry
What reservoir species is salmonella, and mycobacterium associated with
Reptiles, fish, amphibians
What reservoir species is rabies, hantavirus, plague, and tularemia associated with
Wildlife
What type of life cycle does strongyles- round worms have
Single vertebrate host/resevoir species
What type of life cycle of zoonotic disease si toxoplasmosis associated with
Multiple vertebrate host/resevoir species
What type of lifecycle zoonotic disease is powassan virus associated with
> 1 vertebrate/invertebrate host/resveoir species
What are some examples of direct contact zoonotic disease transmission
Infected tissue, bite wounds, body fluids
What are some examples of indirect contact zoonotic disease transmission
Forties (food and water dishes), aerosol
What is the infectious dose for Q fever
Only 1 organism!h
What is the infectious dose for Mad cow disease (BSE)
> 4 million slaughtered cattle in UK and only 178 human cases
What is the SIR model of pathogenesis
Susceptible—-> incubation period—> infected/symptomatic—> transmission —> recovered, removed or dead
How many known zoonotic diseases are there
Over 250
How many notifable diseases are there at national level
25
How many cases of rabies worldwide per year
55,000
How many cases of leishmaniasis worldwide per year
> 2 million
How many deaths of cysticerosis per year worldwide
50,000 deaths
How many cases of brucellosis worldwide per year
500k
How many cases of leptospirosis worldwide per year
10 million
How many estimated cases of salmonella yearly
1 million
How many estimated cases of campylobacter yearly
1.3 million
What is the focus of traditional health management at an animal and public health at farm level
Focuses on treatment of sick animals, focus on treatment, less towards prevention
What does herd health management optimize
Health, welfare and production in a population of animals through analysis Of relevant data and regular objective observations of the animals and their environment
What health management system allows for informed, timely decisions to adjust and improve herd management over time, focus on prevention
Herd health management
Herd health management identifies risk factors for disease based on what 3 things
Agent, animals and environment
What are the objectives of herd health management approach
Optimize health by preventing health, production and reproductive problems, improve herd management practices, animal welfare and ecological quality of environment, quality and safety of dairy and meat products, profitability of enterprise
Who is the state veterinarian in AZ
Dr. Ryan Wolker
What are the roles of the the state veterinarian under the state department of agriculture
Animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements
Who is the chief veterinary officer for USDA/APHIS
Dr. Rosemary Sifford
What are the roles of the USDA/APHIS chief veterinary officer
Area veterinarian in charge, animal health and welfare regulations, classifying reportable diseases, animal import/export requirements
Who is the director of the WOAH
Dr. Monique Eloit
What are the roles of the WOAH
Sets disease prevention and control standards, serves as point of contact for disease occurrence, ensures members have access to all tools necessary to respond to disease threats
What is agroterrorism
The deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss or undermining social stability
What departments and agencies are responsible for protection
Department of homeland security, APHIS, FSIS, and ARS
What are emerging infectious diseases
New or newly indentified pathogen or syndrome or one that has resulted in new manifestations or an infectious disease
What are re-emerging infectious diseases
Resurging infection a previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new population or species
What % of emerging diseases are zoonotic
60%, (72% originating in wildlife)
What are the most common agents in emerging diseases
Bacteria or rickettsia (54%)
Emerging diseases are more commonly ___ and ___
Vector borne and drug resistant
Emerging hotspots in ___ areas for emerging diseases
Tropical areas
What type of disease agent is Zika, monkeypox, and influenza
Viral
What factors cause re-emergence in zika
Land use, travel, translocation
What factors cause re-emergence in monkeypox
Human behavior, trade
What factors cause re-emergence of influenza
Pathogen adaptation, human demographics and behavior
What factors cause re-emergence in giardiasis
Childcare, travel and tourism
What factors cause reemergence in TB
Human demographics and behavior, immunodeficiency, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance
What factors can re-emergence in salmonellosis
Industrialization and food technology, human demographic and behavior, pathogen adaptation and antimicrobial resistance
