Lecture 20: Zoonotic Disease of Southwest Flashcards
what exacerbates zoonotic diseases in AZ
diversity of wildlife, disparities across communities, extreme climate, varying topography, close proximity to international border
where does tularemia occur in world
north america, Europe, former soviet union, china and japan
Tularemia occurs year round but increases at what time of year
winter due to increased hunting/contact with rabbits
for children specifically when is tularemia more common
summer when ticks and fleas more abundant
tularemia is typically present as what in lab settings
primary pneumonia or typhoidal tularemia
3rd most common reported lab associated bacterial infection
tularemia
tularemia is usually found in areas above ___ ft
3000
tularemia causative agent
francisella tularensis, gram negative bacteria
what disease is considered a potential bioterrorism weapon
tularemia because airborne
incubation period for tularemia
1-14 days
is tularemia directly transmitted from person to person
no but drainage from tularemia lesions is potentially infectious
how long can flies and ticks remain infected with tularemia
flies-14 days
ticks-lifetime
what are symptoms of tularemia
fever, chills, headaches, diarrhea, muscle aches, joint pain, dry cough, and progressive weakness
how is tularemia clinically diagnosed
history of tick bite or exposure to mammalian host or exposure to contaminated water
what is a differential diagnosis to tularemia
plague
without treatment of tularemia what could happen
respiratory failure, shock, death
the symptoms of tularemia are dependent on
route of tranmission/infection
what is the most common clinical form of tularemia
uclerglandular
what is a sign of glandular form of tularemia
regional lymphadenopathy with no ulcer
what are the signs of oculoglandular form of tularemia
bacteria enter the eye when person butchering animal and results in conjunctivitis with preauricular lymphadenopathy
how do you contract oropharyngeal form of tularemia and what are the signs
eating or drinking contaminated food or water
signs: stomatitis, tonsilitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy
what is the most serious form of tularemia
pneumonic because can spread from breathing dust or aerosols
** this form used as bioterrorism weapon
what is a symptoms of pneumonic tularemia
primary pleuropulmonary disease
what form of tularemia presents as a febrile illness without early localizing signs and symptoms
typhoidal
what are the type A tularemia resevoirs
rabbits or ticks
where are type A tularemia strains localized to
western U.S.
what are type B tularemia resevoirs
hares, rodents
what are some modes of transmission of tularemia
bite of arthropods, skin, conjunctival sac, oropharyngeal mucosa with contaminated water, blood, or tissue while handling infected carcass, handling insufficiently cooked meat, drinking contaminated water, inhalation of dust, contaminated pelts and paws of animals, bites from other animals that chewed on infected rabbit carcass
what is treatment for tularemia
antibiotics- gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin
is tularemia a reportable disease
yes! must be reported to AZDA within 4 hours
how would you mail tularemia samples
Class B (unconfirmed)
how to prevent tularemia
insect repellent, tick protection, wash hands after handling animal carcasses, drink only treated water, note any change in behavior of your pets or livestock
what is the most severe disease caused by a tick in U.S.
RMSF
what % of cases of RMSF are fatal
5-10%
arizona has the most cases of what tickborne disease
RMSF
what is the causative agent for RMSF
Rickettsia Rickettsii- gram negative
what is incubation period of RMSF
2-14 days
R. Rickettsii invades what cells and causes what
invades endothelial cells of the venules and capillaries and begins replicating, causing vasculitis- why you get spots
what is common symptom of RMSF and why
rash/red dots from blood vessels leaking
what are some late stage clinical signs of RMSF
necrosis on extremities, altered mental status, polyarthritis, vestibular deficits, dyspnea, cough
what are the most common abnormal clinical lab signs of RMSF
hypoalbuminemia, moderate leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia
how do you diagnose RMSF
serologic test via IFA
treatment for RMSF
doxycycline
how to prevent RMSF
promptly remove ticks, tick preventatives, treat tick environments
who is the primary reservoir for chagas
dogs
how long does chagas infection last
lifelong
what is causative agent for chagas
protozoan parasite- trypanosoma cruzi
what is primary vector for chagas
triatomines- kissing bug
feces of bug contain parasites
what are some other modes of transmission of chagas besides kissing bug
congenital- mother to fetus
blood transfussion
organ transplant
contaminated foods, acai palm fruit, guava juice, juice prepared from sugarcane
control of chagas disease in U.S. is focused on what
non-vector borne methods
what are the two phases of chagas
acute and chronic
what are acute signs of chagas
fever, fatigue, body ache, rash, diarrhea, vomiting, swelling of eyelids
what are the chronic signs of chagas
cardiac or GI complications
which zoonotic disease can cause immunocompromised children to die from myocarditis or meningeoencephalitis
chagas
how to diagnosis chagas
acute phase: find trypomastigotes in blood or CSF
chronic: serologic testing
how to treat chagas
antiparasitics- benzidazole and nifurtimox
what are some signs dogs with chagas disease present with
dilated cardiomyopathy
why are dog kennels with high density of dogs suitable environment for kissing bug
heat and CO2 attract kissing bug
how to prevent chagas
turning off outdoor lights, cleaning up brush, housing dogs insides, using insecticides
do traditional flea and tick repellents kill kissing bugs
no!
what organism is the onchocera lupi from
filarial nematode
how to diagnose onchocera
skin biopsy
