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FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology > Lecture 38 11/25/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 38 11/25/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which arthropod vectors commonly spread arboviruses?

A

-mosquitoes
-sandflies
-ticks

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2
Q

Which animals serve as reservoirs for arboviruses?

A

-mammals
-birds
-reptiles
-potentially amphibians and fish

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of arbovirus clinical signs in people?

A

-very similar across all arboviruses
-flu-like symptoms
-clinical signs can differ with neuroinvasive vs non-neuroinvasive disease

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of west nile virus?

A

-flavivirus
-closely related to St. Louis encephalitis virus
-cross reacts in many serologic tests

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5
Q

How is west nile virus transmitted?

A

-mosquitoes**
-transplacental
-breast feeding
-blood transfusion
-organ transplant
-ingestion of infected animal

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6
Q

Which animals develop disease as a result of west nile virus infection?

A

-humans
-horses
-birds

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of west nile virus in humans?

A

-5 to 15 day incubation
-80% of infected people are asymptomatic
-can cause neuroinvasive or non-neuroinvasive disease

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8
Q

Which diagnostics are used for west nile virus in humans?

A

-serology
-virus isolation
-RT-PCR

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of treatment and prevention of west nile virus?

A

-treatment is based on clinical signs/symptoms
-prevention is primarily mosquito control

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of west nile virus in horses?

A

-3-15 day incubation
-CNS signs
-30% case fatality rate
-horses are NOT amplifying hosts

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11
Q

Which CNS signs are seen in horses infected with west nile virus?

A

-depression
-abnormal gait
-tremors
-ataxia
-recumbency

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of diagnosis, treatment, and control of west nile virus in horses?

A

-diagnosis involves serology, virus isolation, and RT-PCR like in humans
-treatment is symptomatic
-prevention includes mosquito control and vaccination

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of west nile virus in birds?

A

-amplifiers
-highest mortality in crows, ravens, jays, and owls
-used as surveillance

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of St. Louis encephalitis virus?

A

-flavivirus
-spread via mosquitoes
-high prevalence in birds
-only causes disease in humans

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of St. Louis encephalitis virus in humans?

A

-associated with areas or irrigation in the west and southwest
-subclinical infection rates as high as 70% in some areas
-similar clinical signs to west nile virus

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16
Q

How is St. Louis encephalitis virus diagnosed?

A

serology; must be cautious of cross-reaction with west nile virus

17
Q

How is St. Louis encephalitis virus prevented?

A

-mosquito control
-NO vaccines

18
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis virus?

A

-togavirus
-wild birds are the main reservoir; good amplifiers, do not get sick
-disease occurs in humans, horses, and some birds

19
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis transmission?

A

-spread by Culiseta melanura mosquitoes
-found in remote swampy areas
-feed almost exclusively on birds
-bridge vectors feed on infected birds and spread the virus to humans and horses

20
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis in humans?

A

-low ratio of subclinical:clinical cases
-7 day incubation
-case fatality rate of 25-50%
-neurologic sequelae in 50% of survivors in neuroinvasive cases

21
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in humans?

A

-diagnosed via serology
-supportive treatment
-prevention via mosquito control

22
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis in horses?

A

-CNS signs similar to west nile virus, but more severe
-90% case fatality rate
-diagnosed through serology
-symptomatic treatment
-prevented with vaccination

23
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern equine encephalitis in birds?

A

-most birds are asymptomatic and act as reservoirs
-causes clinical disease and death in pheasants and emus

24
Q

What are the characteristics of western equine encephalitis virus?

A

-togavirus
-wild birds are primary reservoir; amplify, do not get sick
-chickens can be used as sentinels
-found in southern and western states

25
Q

What are the characteristics of western equine encephalitis virus transmission?

A

-spread via Culex tarsalis mosquitoes
-found in waste irrigation water in western US
-feed mostly on birds, sometimes larger mammals
-careless irrigation increases mosquito numbers

26
Q

What are the characteristics of western equine encephalitis in humans and horses?

A

-children more likely to be asymptomatic than adults
-horses present similar to west nile virus
-horses have a mortality rate of 25-50%

27
Q

What are the characteristics of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus?

A

-togavirus
-spread by numerous mosquito species
-small mammals act as main reservoir
-mostly seen in Texas and Florida

28
Q

What are the characteristics of venezuelan equine encephalitis in humans?

A

-similar to west nile, eastern equine encephalitis, and western equine encephalitis
-low case fatality rate

29
Q

What are the characteristics of venezuelan equine encephalitis in horses?

A

-have high viral load; easy transmission to mosquitoes
-possible resp. transmission between horses
-mortality can reach 20-40%
-controlled through mosquito control and quarantine of infected horses

30
Q

What are the characteristics of LaCrosse virus?

A

-bunyavirus
-small mammals are reservoirs
-no animals get sick; only humans

31
Q

What are the characteristics of LaCrosse virus in humans?

A

-80 to 100 neuroinvasive cases reported annually
-similar symptoms to other arboviruses
-children more likely to develop severe disease

32
Q

What are the characteristics of denguevirus?

A

-flavivirus
-4 serotypes
-infection with one serotype does not protect against infection with other serotypes
-sequential infections put people at greater risk for more severe symptoms
-transmitted by mosquitoes, organ/blood transplants, and transplacental

33
Q

How is denguevirus prevented?

A

-mosquito control
-vaccines for very specific populations

34
Q

What are the characteristics of dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

-occurs after more common signs
-lasts 24 to 48 hours
-increases permeability of vessels; everything starts leaking

35
Q

What are the characteristics of chikungunya?

A

-togavirus
-found worldwide
-transmitted by mosquitoes, blood transfusion, or from mother to child at time of birth
-primates likely reservoir

36
Q

What are the characteristics of zika virus?

A

-flavivirus
-spread via mosquitoes and sexual transmission
-illness causes flu-like symptoms, microcephaly, and guillain-barre syndrome

FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology (41 decks)

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