Lecture 37 11/25/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which zoonotic diseases cause endocarditis?

A

-Bartonella spp.
-Q fever
-Brucella spp.
-Histoplasma spp.
-Lyme/Borrelia spp.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Bartonella spp.?

A

-continuously changing and increasing in species number
-gram neg.
-highly adaptive to one or more mammalian hosts
-survives intracellularly in RBCs and endothelial cells to promote persistent infections

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3
Q

Which Bartonella spp. are common in cats?

A

-B. henselae
-B. clarridgeiae
-B. koehlerae
-B. quintana

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4
Q

Which species act as reservoirs for Bartonella spp.?

A

-canids
-felids
-rodents and rabbits
-raccoons
-ruminants
-reptiles
-cetaceans

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of illness caused by Bartonella?

A

-reservoir hosts typically do not develop disease even though they have persistent bacteremia
-disease usually only occurs in non-natural hosts

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6
Q

How is Bartonella transmitted?

A

-cat scratch
-cat and dog bites
-arthropod vectors
**NOT through vertical transmission or during breeding

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7
Q

Which arthropod vectors have been implicated in Bartonella transmission?

A

-cat fleas
-biting flies
-lice
-sand flies
-ticks

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8
Q

What is the life cycle/transmission for Bartonella going cat to cat?

A

-flea ingests Bartonella with cat blood during feeding
-Bartonella amplifies in flea’s hindgut
-Bartonella is excreted in flea feces and lands on new cat
-flea bites cat or feces with Bartonella infect bite wounds
-cat becomes bacteremic

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9
Q

How do cats transmit Bartonella to humans?

A

-cat scratches human
-infected cat blood in claws contaminates person’s wound OR
-flea feces in claws contaminates wound and spreads Bartonella

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of human Bartonella incidence?

A

-relatively common disease among children and young adults
-not reportable
-higher case rates in southern US

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of feline Bartonella seroprevalence?

A

-approximately 40% of cats are seropositive
-most infected cats are younger than 2 years old

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for Bartonella in humans?

A

-cat scratches
-ownership of young cats
-tick exposure

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for Bartonella in cats?

A

-flea infestation
-warm climates with high precipitation
-gong outdoors
-exposure to other cats

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14
Q

What is the seasonal distribution for Bartonella cases?

A

summer and January

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15
Q

What is the clinical overview of Bartonellosis in people?

A

-generally self-limiting and mild
-may have subclinical infections
-potential for serious systemic signs, especially in immunosuppressed patients
-co-infections with other tick-borne diseases is common

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of cat scratch disease?

A

-cat scratch/bite that develops a papule followed by pustule
-fever
-malaise
-regional lymphadenopathy that may abscess
-self-limiting, does not respond to antibiotics

17
Q

What are the atypical manifestations of cat scratch disease in people?

A

-splenomegaly
-weight loss
-myalgia/arthralgia/osteomyelitis
-hemolytic anemia
-endocarditis
-conjunctivitis/neuroretinitis
-encephalitis
-pneumonia
-glomerulonephritis
-sudden death

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of cat scratch disease in immunocompromised people?

A

-prolonged fever
-relapsing bacteremia
-bacillary angiomatosis/proliferative vascular lesions on skin/organs
-peliosis hepatis/sinusoidal dilations in the liver

19
Q

Which clinical signs may be seen in cats with Bartonellosis?

A

-fever
-anorexia
-lethargy
-neurologic signs
-peripheral lymphadenopathy
-splenic hyperplasia

20
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteremia in cats with Bartonella?

A

-most are bacteremic for weeks to months
-some cats will remain bacteremic for over a year
-can be chronic or relapsing in some cases

21
Q

How is Bartonellosis diagnosed in people?

A

-history of contact with a cat
-serology
-culture
-PCR

22
Q

How is Bartonellosis diagnosed in cats?

A

-serology/IFA
-culture (gold standard)
-PCR

23
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing a cat for Bartonellosis?

A

-clinical signs matching bartonellosis
-exclusion of other causes
-positive culture and/or PCR
-response to appropriate antibiotics
-always a presumptive diagnosis, not definitive
-no way to prove a cat is not infected

24
Q

Which antibiotics can be used in bartonellosis cases when needed?

A

-azithromycin
-doxycycline
-fluoroquinolones

25
Q

What are the recommendations for preventing bartonellosis?

A

-flea and tick prevention/control
-keep cats inside
-maintain good hygiene around all pets
-prevent cat scratches and bites
-consult physician with any concerns

26
Q

Which considerations should be made of immunosuppressed clients?

A

-recommend adult cats, not kittens
-emphasize hygiene and gentle play
-consider treating positive asymptomatic cats with azithromycin

27
Q

What are the general characteristics of Yersinia pestis?

A

-gram neg. bacillus
-cat. A bioterrorism agent
-causes bubonic plague/black death

28
Q

How is Yersinia pestis transmitted?

A

-flea bites
-contacted with infected rodent tissues
-aerosols

29
Q

What are the characteristics of plague in humans?

A

-approx. 10-15 cases a year
-typically occurs April to November
-mostly occurs in western and southwest US

30
Q

What are the three disease forms of plague in humans?

A

-bubonic (most common)
-septicemic
-pneumonic

31
Q

How is plague diagnosed in humans?

A

-culture
-FA
-ELISA

32
Q

Which antibiotics are used to treat plague in people?

A

-streptomycin
-gentamycin
-doxycycline

33
Q

What are the characteristics of plague in rodents?

A

-act as both reservoir for bacteria and host for fleas
-intermittent epizootics
-acutely die without showing clinical signs

34
Q

What are the characteristics of plague in cats?

A

-often infected due to predatory behavior
-clinical signs depend on route of exposure
-can see abscessed lymph nodes, pneumonia, DIC, and sepsis

35
Q

How is plague prevented?

A

-flea control
-keep cats indoors
-wear gloves and mask when treating/necropsying infected cats
-warn owners of risks
-vaccine people at high risk
-dusting of prairie dog burros with pyrethrins
-oral vaccine for prairie dogs being developed