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FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology > Lecture 36 11/18/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 36 11/18/24 Flashcards

1
Q

How can Lyme disease be detected in humans?

A

-IgM increase within 2-3 weeks of bite
-IgG increase within 4-6 weeks of bite
-IFA and EIA (high sensitivity, low specificity)
-Western Blot (done after positive or questionable IFA/EIA, higher specificity)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of IFA and Western Blot?

A

-IFA can be positive due to vaccination
-Western Blot is only positive with true infections

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the Idexx 4DX SNAP test?

A

-contains antibodies to recombinant C6 peptide antigen
-only detects true Lyme infection, not vaccine responses
-also screens for Anaplasma, E. canis, and heartworm

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of serology results for Lyme?

A

-antibody titers can stay high for years
-positive titers do not indicate current infection
-have to see consistent clinical signs concurrently to diagnose based on serology alone
-do not test dogs or people without clinical signs

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Lyme treatment in people?

A

-rash often resolves without treatment
-risk of systemic disease outweighs side effects and cost of antibiotics
-recommended to treat people with bullseye rash to prevent systemic dissemination

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6
Q

What is the post-exposure treatment for Lyme in people?

A

single dose of doxycycline within 72 hours of tick bite

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Lyme vaccination in dogs?

A

-goal is to lower infection rate and allow for milder disease
-used mostly in endemic areas
-best to vaccinate dogs prior to exposure
-yearly boosters
-high vx reaction rate and limited efficacy

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of southern tick-associated rash illness?

A

-undetermined infectious etiology
-possibly caused by Borrelia, but NOT Borrelia burgdorferi
-spread by Amblyomma americanum/lone star tick
-responds to antibiotics

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of STARI?

A

-bullseye rash
-fatigue
-fever
-headache
-muscle aches
-joint aches

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ehrlichiosis?

A

-most common species associated with human disease are E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii
-associated with Amblyomma americanum/lone star tick
-similar symptoms to other tick-borne diseases

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11
Q

What causes the red meat allergy associated with Amblyomma americanum/lone star tick?

A

alpha-gal sugar in tick saliva

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12
Q

What is the most common Rickettsial disease in the US?

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

-gram-neg.
-intracellular bacteria
-reservoir is rodents
-vectored by Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni
-ticks bite, are ingested, or contaminate wound with feces or fluids

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever pathogenesis?

A

-tick must attach for only 6-20 hours
-tick saliva has anticoagulant to increase blood flow
-bacteria invades endothelial cells and causes them to rupture
-causes diffuse vasculopathy, perivascular inflammation, and microvascular thrombosis

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15
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans?

A

-incubation of 3-12 days
-starts with a fever
-petechial rash develops
-myalgia
-headache
-fatigue

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16
Q

What are the potential complications of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

-severe vasculitis
-septic shock
-SARDS
-renal failure
-GI hemorrhage
-thrombotic stroke
-meningitis

17
Q

What are the risk factored for increased severity of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

-male
-alcohol abuse
-advanced age
-non-caucasian

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs?

A

-fever
-lethargy
-anorexia
-weight loss
-petechiae
-ocular changes

19
Q

How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever diagnosed?

A

-IFA serology for IgM or IgG antibodies
-PCR on blood or tissue biopsy
-immunohistochemistry on tissue
-culture

20
Q

What is the treatment for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

-antibiotics, including doxy, enrofloxacin, or chloramphenicol
-potentially IV fluids
-immunosuppression if immune mediated hemolysis or thrombocytopenia occurs

21
Q

What are the four subspecies of Francisella tularensis?

A

-A/tularensis: most virulent, found predominately in North America
-B/holoarctica: rarely fatal, found in Europe and Asia
-novicida: occurs in immunocompromised individuals in North America
-mediasiatica: found in central Asia, not much is known

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Tularemia?

A

-gram neg. coccobacillus
-very stable
-survives in water, mud, and dead animals
-associated with rabbits and rodents
-very few organisms needed for infection
-rare infection
-category A bioterrorism agent

23
Q

How is tularemia transmitted?

A

-contact with infected animal tissues
-bite of infected tick
-ingestion of contaminated food or water
-bite of infected deerfly
-inhalation

24
Q

What are the 5 types of tularemia presentation?

A

-ulceroglandular
-oculoglandular
-oropharyngeal
-typhoidal
-pneumonic

25
Q

Which tularemia presentations are most common in humans?

A

glandular and ulceroglandular

26
Q

How is tularemia diagnosed in people?

A

-culture
-gram stain
-DFA
-PCR
-four-fold increase in antibody titer

27
Q

What is the treatment for tularemia in people?

A

streptomycin or gentamycin

28
Q

What are the characteristics of tularemia in cats?

A

-typically have more severe signs
-obtain disease by ingesting wild rabbits and rodents

29
Q

How is tularemia diagnosed in animals?

A

-culture
-FA serology
-PCR

30
Q

How is tularemia treated in animals?

A

-streptomycin
-gentamicin
-chloramphenicol
-enrofloxacin
-doxycycline

31
Q

How is tularemia prevented?

A

-do not handle potentially infected animals
-use tick/insect repellants for people and animals
-keep cats indoors
-do not ingest potentially contaminated food or water

32
Q

What are the characteristics of heartland virus?

A

-phlebovirus
-transmitted by lone star tick
-similar symptoms to other tick-borne diseases
-clinical sings in reservoir animals unknown
-no vaccine or specific treatment
-no routine diagnostic test

33
Q

What are the characteristics of Powassan virus?

A

-flavivirus
-transmitted by Ixodes spp.
-rodents act as reservoir

FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology (41 decks)

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