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FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology > Lecture 31 11/8/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 11/8/24 Flashcards

1
Q

How many people are bitten by dogs each year in the US?

A

4.5 million

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2
Q

Who are the most common victims of dog bites?

A

children

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3
Q

What are ways to prevent dog bites in children?

A

-responsible pet ownership
-education
-avoiding risky situations

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4
Q

How many dog bite victims require medical attention?

A

1 in 5

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5
Q

What percent of animal bites that require medical attention are inflicted by dogs?

A

90%

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6
Q

How many deaths occur from dog bites in the US each year, on average?

A

43

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the most common dog bites?

A

-male children 5-9 years old
-warm weather
-afternoon timing

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8
Q

Where on the body do most dog bites occur?

A

-hands and arms in adults
-head/neck/face in children

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9
Q

What are avulsion bites?

A

skin torn away from underlying tissue and bone

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10
Q

What are laceration bites?

A

hole with surrounding tissue torn

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11
Q

Which dogs have greatest biting force?

A

large brachycephalic dogs

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12
Q

What type of bite is most common in cat bites?

A

puncture bites

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13
Q

Which age groups are most likely to be hospitalized for dog bites?

A

-elderly
-children

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for dog bites in terms of the dog?

A

-intact male
-purebred
-multi-dog household
-certain breeds

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for dog bites in terms of the owner?

A

-resident’s income is less than county median
-adult male owners
-misinterpretation of animal signaling

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16
Q

How many cat bites occur annually in the US?

A

400,000

17
Q

What are the characteristics of most common cat bites?

A

-female adults
-injury to hand
-occurs during petting or feeding
-occupational risk

18
Q

What are signs of aggression in cats?

A

-pupillary dilation
-stillness/tense body
-ears flattened backwards
-piloerection of hair
-erect tail
-arched back
-tail tucked under body

19
Q

What is the infection rate in dog bites in the US?

A

18%

20
Q

What is the infection rate in cat bites in the US?

A

50%

21
Q

What are the characteristics of bite wound infection with Pasteurella multocida?

A

-multiple pathogens can be involved
-Pasteurella multocida isolated from majority of dogs and cats
-bacterial transmission through saliva via scratch, bite, or lick
-short incubation period, up to 24 hours
-cellulitis and osteomyelitis occur in humans

22
Q

What are the characteristics of bite wound infection with Capnocytophaga canimorphus?

A

-normal oral flora in majority of dogs and cats
-rare infection; occurs in immunocompromised individuals
-bite not needed to transmit
-complications include septicemia, meningitis, and endocarditis

23
Q

Which cat bites are most likely to result in hospitalization?

A

those that occur over joints

24
Q

What are the characteristics of Bartonella henselae?

A

-gram-neg. bacillus
-found in kittens
-transmitted through bites, scratches, and licks
-incubation period of 3-14 days
-causes lymphadenopathy
-most common in children and immunocompromised individuals

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Streptobacillus moniliformis?

A

-spread by rats
-uncommon
-spread via bites, scratches, mucous membrane contact, and contact with food/water contaminated w/ urine
-incubation period of 3-10 days
-clinical signs including fever, vomiting, headache, muscle pain, and joint pain
-complications including hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, and death

26
Q

What are the characteristics of herpesvirus B?

A

-infects old world primates
-transmitted to humans via scratches and bites
-incubation period of 2 days to 5 weeks
-clinical signs in humans include flu-like symptoms, encephalitis, and death
-no vaccine

27
Q

What factors make wound infection more likely?

A

-victim greater than 50 years old
-puncture wounds
-bites on hands
-treatment delayed more than 24 hours
-inadequate initial irrigation and debridement

28
Q

What are the steps to handling a minor bite wound?

A

-wash with soap and water
-apply antibiotic cream
-cover with clean bandage

29
Q

When should a minor bite wound be elevated to a healthcare provider?

A

-clinical signs of infection
-unknown rabies vaccination status/animal acting strange
-greater than 5 years since last tetanus vx
-immunocompromised or asplenic individuals
-bites to face, hand, or foot

30
Q

What are the steps to handling a major bite wound?

A

-apply pressure to stop bleeding
-see a healthcare provider ASAP

31
Q

What are the potential components of treatment for a bite wound?

A

-irrigation
-debridement
-suturing
-antibiotics

32
Q

Which dogs bite most often?

A

-intact males
-terriers, working, herding, non-sporting dogs
-lower income neighborhood
-owned by family/known to victim

33
Q

Which situation leads to the greatest percentage of death from dog bites?

A

unrestrained dogs on owner’s property

34
Q

What are the preventable factors in dog bite-related fatalities?

A

-able-bodied person around to intervene
-incidental/no relationship to dog
-dog was intact

35
Q

What are the issues with breed-specific laws?

A

-dogs go into hiding
-good owners and dogs are punished
-impart a false sense of security
-may encourage irresponsible ownership

36
Q

What are the characteristics of owner knowledge surrounding dog bites and dog behavior?

A

-general lack of knowledge
-females more knowledgeable than males
-mothers more knowledgable than males and non-parent females

37
Q

How can dog bites best be prevented?

A

-early socialization
-responsible pet ownership
-avoiding risky situations
-learning animal body language

38
Q

What are the risk factors for animals to carry MRSA?

A

-live with an immunocompromised person
-live with human healthcare workers
-live with vet clinic personnel
-involved in hospital therapeutic visits

39
Q

How can MRSA spread between animals and people be reduced?

A

-good hygiene/washing hands
-reducing facial and nasal contact with known carriers

FA2 Public Health and Epidemiology (41 decks)

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