Lecture 26 10/21/24 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of waterborne disease outbreaks?
-spread through recreational, drinking, and waste water
-occur most often in June
-animals tend to shed more bacteria into feces in summer months
What are the characteristics of Hepatitis A?
-humans are reservoir
-human fecal contamination of water
-poor hygiene in food handlers
-accumulation occurs in shellfish
What is the incubation period of Type A/infectious viral hepatitis?
15 to 50 days
What is the incubation period for Type B/serum hepatitis?
2 to 6 months
What are the clinical signs of hepatitis?
-fever
-jaundice
-anorexia
-GI irritation
-abdominal pain
-dark urine
Which products can spread hepatitis when unhygienically prepared?
-dairy products
-shellfish
-water
What are the transmission pathways for Hepatitis A?
-transmission due to contamination of food at point of sale or service
-transmission due to contamination of food during growing, harvesting, processing, or distribution
-transmission due to exposure to contaminated water
How can hepatitis be prevented?
-eliminate fecal contamination of shellfish bed
-food workers washing hands
-vaccination
-post exposure prophylaxis with IgG
What are the characteristics of norovirus?
-foodborne and waterborne
-fecal-oral transmission
-resistant to irradiation
-incubation period of 12-48 hrs
What are the clinical signs of norovirus?
-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-cramps
What are the potential complications of norovirus?
-necrotizing enterocolitis
-irritable bowel syndrome
What are the characteristics of Coxiella burnetii?
-causes Q fever
-stationary non-replicating form is highly resistant and stable
-contaminated wastewater from infected farms can contaminate the environment
-infection through inhalation in wastewater plants or surface water contamination
What are the characteristics of leafy greens and E. coli?
-romaine lettuce and spinach are most commonly contaminated
-second most common source of foodborne STEC behind ground beef
-E. coli can survive in dry seeds and soil and internalize into plant tissue
What are the contamination sources for leafy greens?
-soil
-feces
-inadequately composted manure
-contaminated water
-processing equipment
-insects
-transport vehicles
-human handling
What are the characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes?
-associated with ready-to-eat meat and dairy products
-seen in fresh produce
-can grow at cooler temps/in proper storage conditions
-can grow in cold processing plants and form biofilms
What are the characteristics of Anisakiasis?
-caused by anisakid nematodes
-invade the stomach wall and intestine of humans
-transmission through ingesting infective larva from fish or squid
What are the clinical signs of Anisakiasis?
-abdominal pain
-nausea
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-abdominal distention
-blood and mucus in feces
-allergic reactions/rash/itching
-mild fever
How is Anisakiasis prevented?
-do not eat raw or undercooked fish or squid
-cook seafood to internal temp. of 145 deg. F
-freeze fish
What are the characteristics of Diphyllobothrium latum?
-largest tapeworms that can infect people
-acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish
-most infections asymptomatic
-complications include intestinal obstruction and gall bladder disease
-diagnose by finding eggs and worm segments in feces
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium?
-microscopic parasite
-causes diarrhea disease
-protected by outer shell that increases survivability outside body
-tolerant to chlorine disinfection
-spread via water
How is Cryptosporidium prevented?
-practice good hygiene
-avoid contaminated water
-avoid contaminated food
What are the characteristics of Giardia?
-found on/in contaminated surfaces, soil, food, and water
-spread through feces
-protected by outer shell
-can live outside the body
-tolerant to chlorine disinfection
-spread via water most commonly
What are the characteristics of Giardia disease?
-most frequently diagnosed intestinal parasitic disease in the US
-clinical signs vary
-clinical signs last 1-2 weeks or longer
-can be asymptomatic
What are the clinical signs of Giardia?
-diarrhea
-gas
-greasy stools
-stomach/abdominal cramps
-nausea and vomiting
-dehydration
-itchy skin/hives
-swelling of eyes and joints
How is Giardia prevented?
-practice good hygiene
-avoid contaminated water
-avoid contaminated food
What are the characteristics of Cyclospora cayetanensis?
-microscopic parasite
-food or water is contaminated with sporulated oocysts
-clinical signs begin after 7 days
What are the clinical signs of Cyclosporiasis?
-watery diarrhea
-loss of appetite
-weight loss
-cramping
-bloating
-increased gas
-nausea
-fatigue
What are the characteristics of cyclosporiasis prevention?
-avoid food and water contaminated with feces
-treatment of water with chlorine or iodine is NOT likely to kill cysts
-no vaccine
What aer the characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii?
-leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the US
-estimated that 10% of population carries parasite but most are asymptomatic
-most severe consequences in women newly infected during pregnancy and immunocompromised individuals
How can Toxoplasma gondii spread?
-foodborne/waterborne
-animal to human
-mother to child
How does Toxoplasma present based on the infected person?
Healthy:
-flu-like symptoms
Pregnant:
-miscarriage
-stillbirth
-congenital abnormalities
Immunocompromised:
-confusion
-seizures
-poor coordination
How is Toxoplasma gondii prevented?
-cook food to safe temp
-freeze meat
-peel and wash fruit and vegetables
-wash equipment/utensils that comes into contact with raw food
-keep outdoor sandboxes covered
-wear gloves when gardening
-wash hands after gardening
-avoid contaminated water
